概要信息：

Email lijiqiu@xmu.edu.cn
19
Matthias Jakob Schleiden, 
1804.04.05 1881.06.23
Theodor Schwann, 1810.12.07 1882.01.11
Cell Theory
Robert Hooke
 1665
    Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann
    1838-1839
1938 :
1939 :
Rudolf Virchow
    1858
    
1831 (R. Brown) 

3.1.2 
3.1.2 
3.1.3 
(mycoplasma) 100nm
(eukaryotes) 
animal
plant
(fungi)
(protista)
(nucleus) (prokaryotes)
(bacteria)
(archaea)
DNA
1 2
Mycoplasma
—
( bacteria )
cyanobacteria
3.2 
DNA RNA

3.2.1 (nucleus) 
DNA
DNA mRNA mRNA
DNA
RNA rRNA
DNA DNA
3.2.1 --
DNA
  
mRNA
chromatin
DNA
DNA
DNA histone RNA nonhistone
&
H1 H2A H2B H3 H4 5 DNA
DNA RNA
chromatin
nucleosome
(1)
    8 H2A H2B H3 H4 2 
(2)DNA 146 bp DNA 1.75 
DNA
  
chromatin
DNA 
20-60 bp
H1 DNA
H1  linker DNA 
DNA → + linker-DNA → 
RNA rRNA
nucleolar organizer
rDNA
RNA rRNA
     
nucleolus (nucleoli)
-2
: 
   
nuclear matrix
Nuclear Scaffold
   
1. 
80%
RNA
    
2. 
 
  DNA+
  
  DNA
  DNA
DNA 
  DNA RNA
  
RNA 
 mRNA mRNA
 
nuclear matrix
3.2.2 
Rough ER, RER
Smooth ER, SER
3.2.2 
Rough ER, RER
   
   
   
-- G-6P → G 
3.2.2 
Smooth ER, SER
3.2.2 
3.2.3 ribosome 
rRNA ( 50~60%) ( 40~50% ) 
RNA
•
•
3.2.4 
3.2.4 
- 6 - 
1. → → 
2. → 
3. → 
3.2.4 
3.2.4 
3.2.5 (lysosome) ------ 
pH≈5
1. 
  
2. 
3. 
4. 
3.2.5 (lysosome) ------ 
3.2.5 (lysosome) ------ 
3.2.6 (vacuoles) 
2. 
90% 
/ 
1. 
   
5. 
3.2.6 (vacuoles) 
1. 
2. 
/ / 
3. 
   
4. pH
3.2.6 (vacuoles) 
DNA
DNA
→ ATP + 
→ ATP
+ H₂O→CO₂ ATP
[H]+O₂→H₂O ATP



10-20 nm
CO2 O2 Pi H2O
DNA
→ → → → 
→ 
3.2.8 (microbody) H2O2
H₂O₂
H₂O₂ → H₂O + O₂
3.2.8 (microbody) H2O2
3.2.8 (microbody) H2O2
3.2.9. (cytoskeleton) 
3.2.9. (cytoskeleton)
3.2.9. (cytoskeleton)
7 nm
α β 
25 nm
/ 
MTOC
8-12nm
7 nm
10 nm  / 
24 nm α/β 
3.2.10 
flagellum cilium
9 2 +2
centriole
9 3 +0
basalbody
centrosome
3.2.10 
9 2 +2
flagellum cilium
9 + 2 = 9+2 
9 A B 
  ATP 
5–10μm  μm
 1 
1.
2.  9+2  9 0
0.2 μm 0.5 μm
/ 
9 9 3
1 + 2 
  MTOC
9 3 +0
9 9 3
2.
   / 
+ → 
                                  
/ 9 3 
9+2 
9 0

9 9 3
MTOC
9 3 
/ 
9 9 3
2 + 
3.2.11 
3.2.12 
extracellular matrix (ECM)
      
      
     
(GAG)+ 
              
---
       
3.2.12 
extracellular matrix (ECM)
ECM 
    
    
   / 
    ECM 
--



2-3nm
(fluid mosaic model)
7~8 nm
70~80%


(1) (integral protein)
   
(2) (peripheral protein)





Singer Nicolson 1972
/ 
1 
2 

/ / 
ATP
→

3.4 cellc ommunication
sending signals
reception
signal transduction
responses to signals 
(ligand)
3.4.1
(receptor)
ion-channel-linked receptor
G G-protein-linked receptor
enzyme-linked receptor
 N₂
            
γ- 
→
→
→
7 
 G 
G GPCR
→ G α β γ 
→Gα  GTP 
→  /  C
→ cAMP IP₃ DAG
→
G GPCR
 EGF 
→
→  G 
 RTK
 = ms
G 7  G  
cAMP/IP3
 (RTK)
3.4.2 
3.4.3 
G G cAMP IP₃
/ 
3.4.3 
   
   
   
   -----
1.
2.
3. 3