概要信息：

商志启航考研英语
历年翻译真题解析（部分）

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2013英语(一)翻译真题示例
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the
need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to
create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) yet
when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for
all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that
of decoration and creative expression.
One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still
point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace,
however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly
animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these
unlikely gardeners, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made
possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the
homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment
where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a
segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic
that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of
plants, of trees, (49)most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on
some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the
oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual
cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts
to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike
arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent
presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy
elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this
implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden, though in a
“liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia─ a
yearning for contact with nonhuman life─assuming uncanny representational forms.
商志启航考研英语历年翻译真题解析（部分）
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【译文精析】
46. yet, when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one
that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges,
beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
【结构分析】
通读全句，首先找出引导词 when, 可以推断 when是一个时间状语从句，从句中含有
一个过去分词 created by the homeless来做前面名词 gardens的后置定语，逗号后的 it strikes
one是其主句部分，然后是 that引导的宾语从句，在宾语从句中的 for all their diversity of
styles是一个表示让步意义的状语，these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges是
宾语从句里的核心部分，最后是一个介词短语 beyond that of decoration and creative
expression起到对前面内容补充说明的作用。
【词义选择】
yet 然而，create 创造，homeless 无家可归的；the homeless表示无家可归的人，strike
给人印象，打动某人，one 一个人，可以泛指人们，for all 尽管，diversity 多样性，多元
化；style 风格，方式；speak of 说到，道出，fundamental 根本的，urge 愿望，欲望，beyond
超出，胜过，除此之外；that可以做引导词，引导宾语、主语等各种从句，同时 that还可
以做代词，用来指代前面出现过的名词，所以 beyond that中的 that用来指代前面出现过的
名词 urges，这是商志精品导学课中必考的 that的 5大用法。
【精品译文】
然而，只要看看无家可归者创造出来的花园的照片，人们就会觉得，尽管这些花园风
格多样，但这些花园不仅仅表达了(人类)装饰和创造的欲望，而且更体现了人类其它各种
根本性的愿望。
47. A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to
shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.
【结构分析】
通读全句，首先找出句子的主语 a sacred place of peace，逗号后的 however crude it may
be是一个表示让步意义的状语从句，然后是句子的谓语部分 is a distinctly human need，接
下来是 as opposed to shelter连接的一个介词短语，起到对前面内容对比说明作用，最后
which is a distinctly animal need是一个非限制性的定语从句，用来修饰前面的名词 shelter。
【词义选择】
sacred 神圣的；peace 和平，安宁，平静； however 如果 however单独使用，常翻译
成：然而，但由于其后接了形容词 crude，因此理解成：不管怎样，无论如何；it用来指代
前面的名词 a sacred place of peace；distinctly 明显地，清楚地，特有地；as opposed to是一
个固定短语，翻译成：与…不同，shelter 避难所，庇护所
【精品译文】
一块安宁的圣地，无论多么地简陋(疏于雕琢)，仍然是人类特有的需要，它和避难所(遮
风挡雨之所)不同，避难所是动物特有的需要。
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48. The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an
urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such.
【结构分析】
通读一遍全句，找出句子的主语是 The gardens of the homeless，然后 which are in effect
homeless gardens是一个定语从句，用来修饰前面的主语的核心部分 gardens, 谓语和宾语
是 introduce form into an urban environment，最后 where it either didn’t exist or was not
discernible as such是一个定语从句，用来修饰前面的名词 environment。
【词义选择】
in effect 实际上，实质上; introduce 引入，引进，介绍；urban 都市的，城市的；it
是一个指示代词，指代前面的名词 form；either…or…或者…或者; 要么…要么；discernible
能辨别的，看得出来的，识别的，看待的；as such 类似的，那样的
【精品译文】
这种无家可归者的花园，实质上是无定所的花园，这些花园把“形式”引入到都市环
境，而这种都市环境中原本要么没有这种“形式”，要么并没有把它当成“形式”那样看
待。
49. most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which usually blame on some psychological
conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by
magic.
【结构分析】
通读全句，我们不难发现句子的主干部分是 most of us give in to a demoralization of
spirit，其后的 which usually blame on some psychological conditions是一个定语从句，最后
是 until连接的一个表示时间的状语从句。
【词义选择】
give in to 屈服于，陷入；demoralization 没有道德，士气低落或颓丧；blame on 怪罪
于，归咎于；psychological 心理的；psychological conditions 心理疾病；oppression 压抑，
压迫；vanish 消失；as if 仿佛，好像；magic 魔术；神奇；by magic 神奇地
【精品译文】
我们大多数人陷入到一种精神上的颓丧，而且通常把这归咎于某些心理疾病，直到有
一天身处花园，才顿觉压抑感仿佛神奇般地消失了。
50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden,
though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.
【结构分析】
通读全句，首先发现是 It is的句型，其后有一个 that，中间是一个较长的名词短语 this
implicit or explicit reference to nature，连接词 that后是一个谓语动词 justifies，因此可以考
虑是一个 it is…that的强调句型，强调的是句子的主语。句子中间 though in a “liberated”
sense，是一个插入结构，和前面内容构成意义上的转折，最后是不定式短语 to describe these
synthetic constructions用做目的状语。
商志启航考研英语历年翻译真题解析（部分）
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【词义选择】
implicit 暗含的，隐晦的；explicit 明显的，清楚的；reference 参照，提及；nature 自
然，本性，本质；fully 完全地；充分地；justify 证明…合理；in a sense 从某种意义上说，
liberated 解放的，扩大的；describe 描述；synthetic 合成的，人造的；construction 建筑，
建设
【精品译文】
虽然有“扩大词义外延”的意思，但是正是这种对大自然或隐晦或明晰的参照才让使
用“花园”一词来描述这些人造建筑有了充分的依据。
专硕英语(二)段落翻译 Translation
2013英语(二)翻译试题
46. Directions: Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET. (15 points)
I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the
news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems
to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do
what everybody does – try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my
memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can
recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day
before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day – they
both just pop into my mind in the same way.
【参考译文】
在过去的 53年中任意挑一天，我马上就能知道那天我在什么地方，新闻报道了什么，
甚至那天是星期几。我从四岁开始就有这本事了。
我从来不会因为脑子吸收大量信息而受不了。我的脑子似乎能够应付，而且这些信息
也储存得有条有理。当我回想起一件悲伤的事情时，我所做的和大家一样——尽量把它放
到一边。我不觉得就因为我的记忆更清晰，我就会更难受。强大的记忆力并没有使我的情
感更为强烈或更为鲜明。我能回想起我祖父去世的那一天，以及我们前一天去医院时我伤
心的感觉。我同样记得，百老汇在同一天首演音乐剧《发》——这两件事在我脑海里突然
出现的方式没什么两样。
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英语(二)翻译练习
Direction: In this section, there is a passage in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your
version on Answer Sheet 2. (15 points)
Exercise 1
With the rise of the women’s movement in the late 1960s, the political significance of dress
became increasingly explicit. Rejecting orthodox sex roles, blue jeans were a woman’s weapon
against uncomfortable popular fashions and the view that women should be passive. This was
the cloth of action; the cloth of labor became the badge of freedom.
If the blue jeans were for rebels in the 1960s and early 1970s, by the 1980s they had become a
foundation of fashion—available in a variety of colors, textures, fabrics, and fit.
On television, in magazine advertising, on the sides of building and buses, jeans call out to us.
Their humble past is obscured; practical roots are incorporated into a new aesthetic. Jeans are
now the universal symbol of the individual and Western democracy. They are the costume of
liberated women, with a fit tight enough to restrict like the harness of old—but with the look of
freedom and motion. In blue jeans, fashion reveals itself as a complex world of history and
change.
【精品译文】
随着 20世纪 60年代末妇女运动的兴起，服装的政治意义变得越来越明显。为了抵制
传统的性别角色，蓝色牛仔裤成为妇女的武器，她们用它来对抗穿着不舒服的流行时装，
反对妇女应该服从的概念。牛仔裤成为运动的制服，劳动服成为自由的象征。
如果说蓝色牛仔裤在二十世纪六七十年代曾代表叛逆，那么到了 20世纪 80年代，它
们已经成为时装的基础，而且有了各种颜色、质地、布料和尺码。
在电视里，在杂志广告中，在建筑物和公交车的侧面，牛仔裤在向我们发出呼唤。它
们卑微的过去已被淡忘；实用的渊源被融入到新的审美理念。现在，牛仔裤成为个人和西
方民主的普遍象征。它们是解放了妇女的服装，穿着束身，恰似旧时的束腰，但是看上去
却使人觉得穿着随意，行动自如。透过蓝色牛仔裤，时装展示了自身的复杂历史变化。
Exercise 2 Internet
An unremarked consequence of our new information age— one that will influence readers,
writers, and publishers in the future— is that bad writing, chat speak, text, million of message
board posts that come from and lead nowhere, are having a cheapening effect on all written
content. Editors and news directors today fret about the Internet as their predecessors worried
about radio and TV, and all now see the huge threat the Web represents to the way they distribute
their product.
The idea that the practice and craft of writing can simply retool itself for the digital age
overlooks the fact that the Web is giving rise to totally unique forms of expression, a writing that
is different from the kind traditionally found in books.
商志启航考研英语历年翻译真题解析（部分）
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For lovers of literary writing, who are now watching the marketplace and Internet erode the
remains of 19th print culture, these assurances may not be particularly consoling. We have no
choice but to accept them. Arguing against the forces of digitalization is as much a losing battle
as cursing the coming of the evening tide.
【精品译文】
我们所处的信息新时代所带来的一个不为大家所注意的结果就是糟糕的写作，闲聊式
的语言文字，无数来无影去无踪的文本框信息—这一切使文字内容大打折扣，对未来的读
者、作者和编辑将产生很大的影响。今天的编辑和新闻主管对互联网感到非常苦恼，恰如
他们的前辈们担心收音机和电视会抢了自己饭碗似地深感担忧。他们都将网络视为极大的
威胁，担心网络会直接威胁到他们的产品销路。
有一种观念认为，加强练习及写作技巧就可以更新写作，就可以跟上数字时代的步伐。
这种观点忽视了这样一种事实：网络正在引发一种完全独特的表达形式，这种写作完全不
同于传统的书本写作。
对于喜爱文学写作的人来说，他们正在目睹着图书市场和互联网侵蚀着 19世纪印刷
文化的残余，这些保证可能并不那么令人宽慰。我们没有别的选择，只得接受它们。与数
字化抗争只会是一场必败之仗，就如同诅咒晚潮的来临一样徒劳。
Exercise 3
The term “business model ” first came into widespread use with the invention of the personal
computer and the spreadsheet(空白表格程序). Before the spreadsheet, business planning
usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the
projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every
major line item could be pulled apart, its components and subcomponents analyzed and tested.
You could ask what-if questions about the critical assumptions on which your business
depended—for example, what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought—and with
a few keystrokes, you could see how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole. In
other words, you could model the behavior of a business. Before the computer changed the
nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident
than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more
tightly to the resulting economics, spreadsheet made it possible to model business before they
were launched.
【精品译文】
“商业模式”这一概念最先是随着计算机和空白表格程序的问世而广泛传播的。在空白
表格程序出现之前，商业计划往往意味着就某种情况提出一种单一的预测。你充其量只能
对项目做出一些敏感性的分析，而空白表格程序为计划引入了更全面的分析方法，因为表
格的每个主要列项可以拆开，因而可以分析和测试其成分和细节。
你可以对商业所依赖的关键假设做出推测，比如，顾客对价格的敏感度要是超过了我
们的想象，我们该怎么办？你只需敲几下键盘就可以看到整体中各个组成部分所引起的任
何变化。换言之，你可以制定商业行为的模式。计算机改变了商业计划的本质，在此之前，
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绝大多数成功商业模式的形成是出于偶然，而非事先精心设计。空白表格程序能使企业把
对市场的洞察和随之而来的经济活动更紧密地联系起来，因而能够事先制定出商业模式。
Exercise 4
Powering the great ongoing changes of our time is the rise of human creativity as the defining
feature of economic life. Creativity has come to be valued, because new technologies, new
industries and new wealth flow from it. And as a result, our lives and society have begun to echo
with creative ideas. It is our commitment to creativity in its varied dimensions that forms the
underlying spirit of our age.
Creativity is essential to the way we live and work today, and in many senses always has been.
The big advances in standard of living—not to mention the big competitive advantages in the
marketplace—always have come from “better recipes, not just more cooking.” One might argue
that’s not strictly true. One might point out, for instance, that during the long period from the
early days on the Industrial Revolution to modern times, much of the growth in productivity and
material wealth in the industrial nations came not just from creative inventions like the steam
engine, but from the widespread application of “cooking in quantity” business methods like
massive division of labor, concentration of assets, vertical integration and economies of scale.
But those methods themselves were creative developments.
【精品译文】
推动当今社会巨大变化的动力是人类创造力的崛起。作为经济生活的一个显著特征，
创造力已开始受到重视，因为各种新技术、新产业和新财富都源源不断地随之产生，其结
果是我们的生活和社会充满了创造性思想。正是我们在各个领域里各种各样的发明创造构
成了当今社会的精神基础。
创造力对我们当今的生活和工作方式至关重要，而且从某种意义上来说，一向如此。
生活水平的显著提高—-更不用说市场经济的强大竞争优势，总是源于“更好的烹饪法，而
不是更多的烹饪品”。也许有人会认为这种说法不一定严谨。比如他会指出，从最初的工
业革命到现代社会这一漫长的时期内，工业化国家生产力的提高和物质财富的积累，很多
都不是来自诸如蒸汽机之类的发明创造，而是来自“大量烹制”式的企业管理方法的广泛
运用，如大规模的劳动力分工，资产的集中，纵向整合以及规模经济等，但是其实这些方
法本身就是创新。
Exercise 5
Many changes in the world of business may seem surprising if we are completely blind to the
future. But experts say we can see at least part of it from where we stand. Using chaos theory to
understand the interconnectedness of the world—think of the “butterfly effect”—will help us
recognize the causes of certain “chance happenings” and be better prepared to cope with them.
Take Asia’s financial crisis. In the past, companies would have said it was just another random
event. “The truth is, many of these seemingly random events can affect their business,” says
Sanders.
Given the interconnectedness of the global economy, Sanders says, it’s more important than
商志启航考研英语历年翻译真题解析（部分）
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ever that companies be aware of emerging issues and quickly determine how to respond. But to
do so, they need an organic and evolving approach to planning. The old planning model focused
on “forecasting” one or a few possible paths of events, while a revolutionary paradigm called
“fore-sighting” allows one to master the situation no matter how the future turns out. According
to Sanders, understanding the present is the primary step in gaining insight into the future.
【精品译文】
如果我们对未来一无所知，那么我们对商业界的许多变化，或许就会感到非常吃惊。
但是，专家们说，我们可以从现在站的角度看到未来的一部分。应用混沌理论来理解商业
界的相关互联性—-思考一下蝴蝶效应，可以帮助我们认识某些“偶然事件”的成因，以便
较好地应付这些事件。
以亚洲金融危机为例，要是在过去，许多公司会说，“那是又一个偶然事件”，但桑德
斯说“事实上，许多这些似乎是偶然的事件将会影响这些公司的经营。”桑德斯说。考虑
到全球经济关联性，公司若能意识到突发事件并迅速做出反应，这将比以往任何时候更重
要。但要做到这一点，在计划方面，他们需要有机的、不断完善的方法。旧的计划模式只
限于预测一个或多个可能发生事件的轨迹。一个被称为“深谋远虑”的革命范例能使我们
把握局势，无论未来会演变成什么样。按照桑德斯的观点，了解现在是洞察未来的第一步。
1995年翻译真题精解
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting,
classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the
target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 71. The target
is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with
ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that
can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will
be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon
the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant
past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate.
72. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,
reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which
it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always
incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective
method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has
developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same
advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73. Whether to use tests, other kinds
of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from
experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
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74. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most
precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well
defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about
many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously
recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75. For example, they do not compensate
for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might
have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
71．The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies
with ill-informed or incompetent users.
【结构分析】
本句的主语是 the target，但是该词不能直译为目标，属于名词指代，应该把它的指代
内容要翻译出来，在前面一句里提到标准化考试已经成为人们的抨击目标，由此可见，target
指代把标准化考试作为抨击目标这一做法。后面是由 for引导的一个状语从句，状语从句
里的主语是 critics，谓语是 divert attention from，宾语是 the fault，最后是由 that引导的定
语从句，修饰前面的名词 fault。核心词组：lie with(存在于，后面常跟人作宾语)；in表示“在...
时”；ill-informed(消息不灵通)；incompetent(不称职的，不恰当的)
【核心词汇】
divert attention from(偏离注意力，没有注意到)；lie with(存在于)，ill-informed(消息不
灵通，对…不了解)
【参考译文】
把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到
测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
【测试点】状语从句；定语从句；指代关系
72．How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,
reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which
it is interpreted.
【结构分析】
首先引导词 how放到句首，考虑其引导的是个主语从句，其谓语是 depends on，宾语
是 the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used，后面接着用了 and on
这个并列连词，但是省略动词短语中一个相同的动词 depends，属于并列加省略的现象，
with which引导的是个定语从句，限定前面的名词 skill and wisdom，从句中的 it指代前面
出现的名词 information。
【核心词汇】
be validated by 为……所证实； depends upon 取决于； reliability 可靠性；
appropriateness 适应性；interpreted 解释
【参考译文】
这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和
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适应性，还取决于用来解释这些信息的技能和才智。
【测试点】主语从句；被动语态；名词短语；并列和词组省略；定语从句
73．Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends,
therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such
factors as cost and availability.
【结构分析】
引导词 whether to…or both 放到句首应该考虑是作句子的主语，由固定词组
whether(是)…or(还是)，但词组并列时经常把相同的一些部分省略，因此 or both中间省略
了 to use 这两个相同的单词，both 这个代词指代前面出现的名词 tests 和 other kinds of
information；谓语是 depends upon和并列谓语 and （depends）upon。
【核心词汇】
whether…or…；in a particular situation(在特定情况下)；concerning关于；comparative
validity(相对效度)；such …as（像...一样）
【参考译文】
因此，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是在某一特定情况下两者都采用，这
取决于有关相对效度的经验依据，还取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
【测试点】词组并列和省略；后置定语；
74．In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most
precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well
defined.
【结构分析】
in general 是个固定介词短语，要单独翻译。这个句子的主语是 the tests，谓语是 work，
most effectively做状语，when引导的是个状语从句，从句中的主语是 the qualities，不定式
to be measured做后置定语，can be most precisely defined做谓语，and least effectively 和前
面的 most effectively 构成反义词并列。When引导的是状语从句，在状语从句里 what is to
be measured or predicted又做从句中的主语，其谓语是 cannot be well defined。
【核心词汇】
In general 一般说来；work most effectively最为有效；be most precisely defined 最精确
界定；to be measured 要测定的。
【参考译文】
一般说来，当所要测定的特征能最精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预
测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
【测试点】状语从句；后置定语；并列结构；主语从句；被动语态
75．For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how
able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable
circumstances.
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【结构分析】
这个句子的主语是 they，指代的是前面出现的复数名词 tests。谓语是 do not compensate
for 和 and thus do not tell两个并列动词。How引导的是个宾语从句，因为其后接了形容词
able，所以 how常翻译成“多么”的意思。 宾语从句里的主语是 an underprivileged youngster
是主语，谓语是 might have been, 后面用了虚拟语气的倒装和省略现象，had he grown up
相当于 if he had grown up，最后是个固定短语 under more favorable circumstances(在更好的
环境下)。
【核心词汇】
compensate for 弥补；gross 总的，大体上的；social inequality 社会不公；thus 因此；
tell 说明；underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件差的；under more favorable circumstances 在
更好的环境下。
【参考译文】
例如，测试并不能弥补这种大体上的社会不公，因此也不能说明一个物质条件差的年
轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
【测试点】并列结构；宾语从句；虚拟语气倒装和省略；
1996年翻译真题精解
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.
71. Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are
reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the
form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of
different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.
72. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the
conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific
establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time
to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore
generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in
functional order. 73. This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of
research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate
recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility are more difficult. The goal of the supporting
agencies is the praisable one of supporting good as opposed to bad science, but a valid
determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused
with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 74. However, the world is
so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more
fascinating and delightful aspects. 75. New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought
must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
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71． Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are
reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent
self-accelerating.
【结构分析】
这两个句子的主谓都相对简单。第一个句子的主语是 some of these causes，而第二个
句子的主语是代词 others，它指代前面出现过的名词 causes。但是第二个句子的谓语后的
表语 reasonable consequences 后面接了一个很长的后置定语，首先是介词 of 修饰
consequences，然后又是介词 in science修饰前面的名词 advance，最后是现在分词 being to
some extent self-accelerating修饰前面的名词 science。这种后置定语现象在英语中很普遍。
【核心词汇】
causes(原因)；reasonable results(必然结果)；particular advances(特定进步)；to some
extent/degree(在某种程度上)；self-accelerating(自我加速)
【参考译文】
在这些原因中，有些完全是社会需求的必然结果/自然而然地来自社会需求，而另一些
原因则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
【测试点】名词的后置定语；词义理解与表达
72．This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the
conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific
establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
【结构分析】
该句的主谓是 this trend began，后面的 during the Second World War做时间状语，when
引导的是个定语从句，修饰前面的时间名词。在 when 引导的定语从句里，several
governments做主语，came to the conclusion做谓语和宾语，后面的引导词 that因为它不在
句中做任何成分，所以 that引导的是个同谓语从句。在同谓语从句中，the specific demands
做主语，引导词 that因其在后面的从句里做 make的宾语，所以引导的是个定语从句，在
定语从句中 a government做主语，wants to make of做谓语，its scientific establishment做前
面动词的宾语。Cannot generally be foreseen in detail是个被动结构，做同位语从句中主语
the specific demands的谓语部分。
【核心词汇】
make the specific demands of sb.(对某人提出具体的要求)，但英语中经常把这个动词短
语中的名词分开后再提前到前面做主语，比如 pay much attention to也可以改成为 Much
attention has been paid to 等这样的形式，这主语动词短语中名词和动词的分隔现象。
Scientific establishment科研机构，是个固定短语。In detail详细地/具体地。
【参考译文】
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构
提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
【测试点】定语从句；同谓语从句；词组的分隔；
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73．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to
immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
【结构分析】
这个句子的主语是 this，指代前面提到的问题，应该理解为：这个问题。谓语是 seems
most effectively done（解决），介词 by后面接的成分是个方式状语，表示“通过”的意思。
介词 by 的宾语是 supporting a certain amount of research，而 research 后面接的是个由
not…but 这个孪生姐妹词引导的后置定语，第一个后置定语是 not related to immediate
goals，第二个后置定语是 but of possible consequence in the future。这两个词组引导的是个
并列结构，意思是：“不是......而是”。考虑到并列结构一般是词义一致，所以我们可以把
related to和介词 of 看作是同一个意思的词语。
【核心词汇】
a certain amount of research（一定量的/某些研究）；related to(与…有关)；immediate
goals(当前目标)；not…but(不是…而是)；possible consequence(可能的影响)；in the future
（将来）
【参考译文】
通过支持与当前目标无关但将来可能会产生影响的某些科学研究，这一问题看来能最
有效地得到解决。
【测试点】被动语态；介词短语；并列结构；后置定语
74．However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some
of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.
【结构分析】
这个句子的主谓是 the world is …made，后面接了一个固定短语 so…that(如此…以致)，
在后面的从句里，elegant systems做主语，谓语是 are unable to deal with，在谓语中间插入
了一个介词短语 in principle，宾语是 some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful
aspects。
【核心词汇】
elegant systems (精美的)完美的体系；in principle 一般而言；deal with 解决，处理；
aspects 原义是“方面”，联系上下文可以翻译“问题”。
【参考译文】
然而，世界就是如此创造的，以至于完美的体系一般而言都不能解决一些世界上更加
引人入胜的问题。
【测试点】结果状语从句；词义表达
75．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they
have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
【结构分析】
这个句子的主语是两个并列的名词短语 new forms of thought和 as well as new subjects
for thought，谓语是 must arise，后面的 as引导的是个比较状语从句，常翻译为“正如，就
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像”，在 as引导的从句里，they have后面省略了与前面相同的动词谓语 arisen，逗号后面
的 giving rise to new standards of elegance做伴随状语，补充说明前面句子的内容。
【核心词汇】
new forms of thought(新的思维方式)；new forms of subjects(新的思维对象)；as well
as(和，以及)，是个并列连词；give rise to(导致，引起)；new standards of elegance(完美的
新标准)
【参考译文】
就像过去那样，将来也必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，从而给完美新的标
准。
【测试点】名词并列结构；谓语动词省略现象；现在分词做状语；
【举一反三】as的 6大考点：
1．引导时间状语从句，翻译成“随着”。
2．引导原因状语从句，翻译成“由于，因为”。
3．引导比较状语从句，翻译成“正如，就像”。在其后面的从句里面常省略与前面相同的
一些词语，比如 as expected(正如所料)，
4．引导让步状语从句，必须把相关的名词、形容词和副词提前到句子的最前面，即要求
倒装结构，翻译成“尽管”。例如 Young as he is, (尽管他年青)。
5．用在固定短语中，例如：such as(例如)，the same…as(与…一样.)；just as…, so…(正
如…，….也一样)；as long as(如果，只要) ；as far as(依据，根据)；as soon as(一…就)；
as it were(仿佛就是)等。
6．用在动词后面，一般翻译成“是，为，作为”的意思。比如：regard…as(把…当作是)；
work as(担任)；act as(充当)。
1997年考研翻译真题解析
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful,
ground-clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed
account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Some
philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties
and entitlements. Therefore animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills
somebody is absurd;
The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of
animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think
that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or
with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental,
question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every
relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
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Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake a sentimental displacement of
feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may
seem bravely logical. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The
most elementary form of moral reasoning the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl is to weigh
others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without
which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to
engage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral
reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
71．Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is
something the world does not have.
【结构分析】
本句的主干结构是个主从复合句，先是由 because引导的原因状语从句，然后是由 that
引导的宾语从句，最后是由 which引导的定语从句，引导词 which修饰前面的哪个名词一
般要看其后的谓语动词的单复数，在这个定语从句里 which的谓语是 is，那 which应该是
限定前面的单数名词 an agreed account，which也可以经常限定前面提到的整个句子。代词
something后面又接了一个主谓结构，也是一个定语从句，只不过是省略了引导词 that。全
句的主语是 it，它是个单数代词，因此应该往前去找单数名词，前面有一个结构对应的句
子，该句子里也有 it，再往前找到单数名词 the question，而 the question又指代最前面的第
一个问句 Do animals have rights? 因此 It指代整个句子，这在考研翻译中特别常见。
【核心词汇】
an agreed account(共同的看法，共识)；human rights(人权)
【参考译文】
实际上，这一问法并不存在/事实并非如此，因为这种问法认为这儿存在一种对人权的
共同认识，而这种共同认识在世界上并不存在。
【测试点】代词指代；原因状语从句；宾语从句；定语从句；
72． Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an
exchange of duties and entitlements.
【结构分析】
本句的主谓是 some philosophers argue，后面是 that引导的宾语从句，在从句里，rights
是主语，exist是谓语，后面接了两个介词，一个是 within(在...之中)，另一个是 as(作为)，
as后面接了一个名词+介词+名词+介词+名词的翻译常考结构，翻译时由后往前翻译就行。
【核心词汇】social contract(社会契约); duties and entitlements(责任与权利)
【参考译文】
有些哲学家认为，权利只是存在于社会契约之中，并作为责任与权利相交换的一部分。
【测试点】宾语从句；名词短语
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73．It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be
treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at
all.
【结构分析】
本句主语是个代词，它指代前面出现的动名词 arguing(说法 )，谓语是 leads the
discussion to，宾语是 extremes(极端)，后面的冒号起到进一步补充说明的作用，在冒号后
面的句子里，主谓是 it invites you to think，后面的 that引导的是个宾语从句，在从句里，
主谓是 animals should be treated，后面接了一个 either with和 or with的两个并列词组结构，
其中名词 the consideration后面接的是个主谓结构 humans extend to other humans，因此是个
定语从句，考虑省略了引导词 that或 which，修饰前面的名词 consideration。
【核心词汇】
lead…to extremes(把…引向极端)；at the outset=at the beginning(一开始)；invite sb. to
think(使某人认为)；either…or(或者….或者；要么...要么)；consideration(关怀，体谅)；humans
extend to other humans(人对待他人)；no…at all(一点也不)
【参考译文】
这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像
对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么就是完全冷漠无情。
【测试点】宾语从句；固定短语；词组并列；定语从句引导词省略；被动语态
74．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect,
extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
【结构分析】
逗号前面是个由 arguing引导的非谓语动词结构，它经常做状语(可做原因状语，时间
状语，伴随状语等)，非谓语动词由于和逗号后面的主语是一致的，所以经常把主语省略了，
翻译时要把主语先提上来翻译，在这个非谓语结构里的名词 view后面又接了个 that引导
的同位语从句，in every relevant respect是个固定介词短语，逗号后的主语是 extremists of
this kind，谓语是 think，that引导的是个宾语从句，在宾语从句里，animals是个主语，lie
outside(存在...之外)和 lie within/in(存在于)是个反义词。
【核心词汇】
be different from(与…不同)，in every relevant respect(在每一个相关的方面)；extremists
of this kind(这类极端主义者)；lie outside(在…之外)
【参考译文】
这类极端主义者认为，人与动物在每一个相关的方面都不相同，因此动物不在道德考
虑的范围之内或对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
【测试点】非谓语动词的翻译；同位语从句；宾语从句
75．When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action,
an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
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【结构分析】
本句是由 when引导的时间状语从句，在 when从句中 that是个单数代词，如果指代前
面的单数名词的话，就和谓语 happens意义不搭配，因此只能指代前面的整个句子内容，
后面的主语 it和其指代的内容是一致的。冒号起到对主句补充说明的作用，冒号后的主谓
是 it is，表语是 mankind’s instinct，后面的介词 for moral reasoning做后置定语，修饰前面
的名词 instinct，in action是个固定介词短语，表示“在起作用”，an instinct是个名词，做同
位语，对前面的句子内容起到补充说明的作用，that引导的是个定语从句，rather than是个
固定短语，意思是“而不是”。
【核心词汇】moral reasoning(道德推理)；in action(在起作用)；out of action(不起作用)；rather
than(而不是)
【参考译文】
看到动物痛苦产生这样的同情心并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作
用，这种本能应该得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。
【测试点】代词指代；同位语；固定词组
1998年考研翻译真题解析
They were by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientist had ever detected: a strip
of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71) But even more important,
it was the farthest that scientists had been able to looks into the past, for what they were seeing
were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the
moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and
expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administrations Cosmic Background Explorer
satellite-Cobe-had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the
primeval explosion that has discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin
with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the
universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward
in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the
theory, the universe bursts into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure
energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles
and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into
galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers world like to see much
smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and super-clusters of galaxies.
They shouldn't have long to wait. 73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at
the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report
their findings soon.
74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific
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idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that
very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion-fold in much less than
a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a
scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and
many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
71．But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,
for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
【结构分析】
本句的主干是：主句 It was…that + for 引导的原因状语从句。主句是强调句 it
was…that…被强调的部分 the farthest是后面句子的状语，可以理解为 scientists had been able
to look the farthest into the past。For引导的原因状语从句是一个系表结构，what they were
seeing是从句的中的主语，后面 that引导的是定语从句，修饰前面的名词 the patterns and
structures。
【核心词汇】
even more important 更为重要的是；the patterns and structures (宇宙云的)形状和结构；
15 billion years ago 150亿年前
【参考译文】
但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的
是 150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
【测试点】强调结构；主语从句；定语从句；词义表达
72．The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in
the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
【结构分析】
本句的主干结构是一个简单被动句：主语是 The existence，谓语部分是 was virtually
required to。first put forward in the 1920s是过去分词短语作插入语，修饰前面的名词 the Big
Bang。逗号后面的不定式短语是动词 required要求的，做具体补充说明。即动词谓语核心
部分是 be required to do sth。
【核心词汇】
virtually(实际上，几乎) ；put forward(提出) ；in the 1920s(在二十年代)；maintain its
reign as (保持作为…的地位)；dominant(占主导地位的)；
【参考译文】
巨大宇宙云的存在，实际上使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导
地位。
【测试点】被动语态；插入结构；
73．Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne
instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
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【结构分析】
本句主语是 astrophysicists，谓语是两个并列动词 are closing in on和 may report。分词
短语 working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments做主
语的后置定语。
【核心词汇】
working with 使用，以…为工作手段；ground-based detectors 陆基探测器；the South
Pole 南极；balloon-borne instruments 球载仪器；are closing in on 正越来越近；structures 云
系；findings 观测结果
【参考译文】
天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不
久会报告他们的观测结果。
【测试点】现在分词做后置定语；动词短语
74．If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a
refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
【结构分析】
本句是个主从复合句，if引导的是条件句，其中 look是谓语动词，逗号后面 that开始
的内容是主句部分，最后面的 a refinement of the Big Bang是前面名词 another scientific idea
的同位语，过去分词 called the inflationary universe theory做后置定语，修饰前面的名词 the
Big Bang。.
【核心词汇】
hot spots(热点)；look as expected是 look as they are expected的省略，意思是“看上去和
预想的一样”。A refinement of the Big Bang是个特殊的名词结构，A或 the+抽象名词+of
就相当于这个名词的形容词形式，因此 a refinement of相当于形容词 refined，再比如 the
monotony of life相当于 the monotonous life。The inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论。
【参考译文】
假如那些小热点看上去同预想的一致，那就意味着又一科学观点的胜利，这种观点即
一种完美的大爆炸论，也称宇宙膨胀理论。
【测试点】条件句翻译；同位语的翻译；特殊名词短语的翻译
75．Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some
respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced
for the better part of a decade that it is true.
【结构分析】
本句的主干结构是由 and连接的并列两个分句，第一个分句是：倒装的让步状语从句
+逗号后的主句。Odd though it（it指代后面的名词 cosmic inflation）sounds = though it sounds
odd，主句后面的主语是 cosmic inflation，谓语是 is，其后是表语 a scientifically plausible
consequence，该名词后接了很长的后置定语 of some respected ideas in elementary-particle
physics，连接词 and 后的主语是 many astrophysicists，谓语是被动语态 have been
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convinced，for the better part of a decade that it is true 是做时间状语。that it is true 是动词
convinced的宾语从句。
【核心词汇】
cosmic inflation 宇宙膨胀说；scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的结论；
respected ideas 公认的观点；elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理学；convinced 被说
服，相信；for the better part of a decade 七八年来。
【参考译文】
虽然宇宙膨胀理论听起来古怪，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的观点在科学上看
来可信的结论。而且许多天体物理学家七八年来一直相信这一结论是正确的。
【测试点】倒装结构；句子并列；名词短语；
1999年考研翻译真题解析
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern
practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the
significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of
historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found
is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the
historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an
unending process.
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of
history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences
seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding
approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a
discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the
contemporary world. 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by
additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74)
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in
general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of
tunnel method, frequently fall victim to the technicist fallacy. Also common in the natural
sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts
of its technical implementation. 75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history
as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate
their activity with specific techniques.
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71．While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice
most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the
significant events of the past.
【结构分析】
本句 while 引导的是个让步状语从句，翻译成“虽然，尽管”，状语从句里用了
as…as(与…一样)这个词组，主句的主语是 most practice，谓语是动词短语 conform to(符合)，
宾语是代词 one，指代前面的名词 definition，that引导的是个定语从句，修饰前面的 one。
定语从句里用了动词短语 see…as(把…看作是)，因此后面的 attempt应该是个名词，后面
又接了两个不定式做其后置定语。
【核心词汇】
While(虽然，尽管；当…时候；而)；as…as(与…一样)；conform to(服从，遵守)；modern
practice(现代实践)；see…as…(把…看作是)；recreate(再现，重现)
【参考译文】
几乎每个历史学家对历史都有自己的界定，但现代历史学家的实践最趋向于认同这样
一个定义，即把历史学看作是试图对过去重大事件的重现和解释。
【测试点】while让步状语从句；one指代关系；定语从句；动词短语
72． Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of
history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians
themselves.
【结构分析】
本句主语是 Interest in historical methods，谓语是 has arisen，后面接了两个并列的介
词 through和 from，考虑到并列结构词义对等，所以这两个介词的翻译可以考虑翻译成一
个意思。第一个介词 through后面是个很长的名词短语，核心名词是 challenge，其后又接
了几个介词分别做后置定语，to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline，第二个介
词 from后面也接了一个名词短语 internal quarrels among historians themselves.
【核心词汇】
Interest in historical methods 对历史方法的关注(兴趣) ；arisen 来自于，产生于；
challenge质疑，挑战；validity 真实性，正确性；as an intellectual discipline作为一门知识
学问(一个知识学科) ；internal quarrels 内部意见不统一，内部分歧。
【参考译文】1：
人们对历史研究方法产生兴趣，这与其说是因为外界对历史作为一门知识学科的有效
性提出了挑战，还不与说历史学家内部发生了争吵。
【参考译文】2：
人们之所以对历史研究的方法产生兴趣，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因
为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。
【测试点】介词并列结构；名词的后置定语
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73. During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional
methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
【结构分析】
本句主干结构是个被动语态的简单句：…methods were augmented by …。最前面的介
词短语 during this transfer是个独立成份，介词 by后面的宾语是 additional methodologies，
其后又接了一个过去分词做后置定语，介词短语 in the historical study修饰前面的名词 new
forms of evidence。
【核心词汇】
transfer转变；augmented充实，补充；additional methodologies新方法； designed to
用来；interpret阐释，解释，说明；the new forms of evidence新的证据形式，根据上下文
意思引申为在历史学研究中的新史料；in the historical study 在历史研究中。
【参考译文】
在这种转变中，那些在历史研究中用来解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方
法。
【测试点】被动翻译成主动；名词后接过去分词做后置定语
74．There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical
work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical
inquiry.
【结构分析】
本句可以拆分为三段：There is no agreement / whether methodology refers to the
concepts peculiar to historical work in general / or to the research techniques appropriate to the
various branches of historical inquiry. 由此看出该句的主干结构是存在句 There is no
agreement，因为主语部分太长，整个结构应该采用顺序倒译方法。whether methodology
refers to ...or to ...是主语 agreement的同位语。在这个同位语里用了两个并列动词谓语 refers
to和 or (refers) to，宾语是 the concepts，其后面的形容词短语 peculiar to historical work in
general是它的定语；第二个宾语是 the research techniques，其后面的形容词短语 appropriate
to the various branches of historical inquiry也是作它的定语。
【核心词汇】
agreement统一的意见，一致看法；whether...refers to... or to... 是指……还是指…；the
concepts/peculiar to/historical work/in general (按后置定语的顺序倒译)一般的历史研究中
的特有概念；the research techniques研究手段；appropriate to适用于，合适于；the various
branches各个领域；historical inquiry历史探究
【参考译文】
方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域所使用的
研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
【测试点】主语从句；动词并列结构和词组省略；名词后接形容词做后置定语
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75．It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal
criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific
techniques.
【结构分析】
本句结构拆分为三段：It applies equally to traditional historians / who view history as only
the external and internal criticism of sources, / and to social science historians who equate their
activity with specific techniques. 由此可以看出其主干结构是：It applies equally to..., and to ...
直译为：这既适应于……又适应于……，引申为这既存在于……又存在于……。第一个介
词 to的宾语是 traditional historians，其后又接了一个定语从句 who view history as...，第二
个并列介词 to 之前省略了与之相同的动词短语的 applies equally，其后的宾语是 social
science historians，后面又接了定语从句 who equate their activity with specific techniques。在
两个并列的定语从句里的动词短语 view…as和 equate…with应该依据平行结构有时词义相
等的方法，而把这两个动词翻译成相同的意思。
【核心词汇】
It是个人称代词，指代前面提到的这种谬论；traditional historians传统历史学家，历史
传统派；view history as 把历史看作是；sources 源泉，引申为史料来源；social science
historians 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派；activity活动，引申为历史学研究活动，历史
研究；equate... with 把……等同于，认为……是；specific techniques具体方法
【参考译文】
这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部
人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。
【测试点】it指代；动词 applies to的并列和省略；定语从句；词组并列词义相等或相反
2000年考研翻译真题解析
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people
depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern
conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of
specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore it is
obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its
agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists
of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these
sectors in groups to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For
example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own
research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in groups to reduce the
wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may co-operate
directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and
industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent of scientific advice and also
scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
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73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are
feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often
forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the
normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed
compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the
process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was
spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same
process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions
within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments
concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or
problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by
modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming
increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs
and putting them into effect.
71．Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence
the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
【结构分析】
本句的谓语动词是 requires，动词后面接了两个并列的宾语，因此句子可以拆分为三
段：Under modern conditions（固定介词短语）, this requires varying measures of centralized
control /and hence the help of specialized scientists /（scientists 后面是后置定语）such as
economists and operational research experts.
【核心词汇】
Under modern conditions在现代条件下；varying measures (程度)不同的措施；centralized
control中央控制，中央调控；hence因此，从而；specialized scientists专门科学家，专家；
operational research experts 运行研究专家，运筹学家，这里有些现在分词和过去分词构成
的形容词，需要注意识别。
【参考译文】
在现代条件下，这需要不同程度的中央控制，从而也需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学
家等领域专家的协助。
【测试点】介词短语单独翻译；名词短语；并列宾语；后置定语
72．Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with
the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of
scientists and technologists of all kinds.
【结构分析】
本句的主干是 it is obvious that，其中 it做形式主语，that引导的后面两个从句做真正
的主语，因此这个句子可以拆分为三段：Furthermore it is obvious / that the strength of a
country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, / and
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that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 在第一个 that
引导的从句里，主语是 the strength of a country’s economy，谓语是 is directly bound up with，
第二个 that引导的主语从句里 this做主语，rests upon做谓语，后面是个常考名词短语形式。
【核心词汇】
Furthermore再者，另外；it is obvious that (固定译法)显而易见的是；the strength of a
country's economy一个国家的经济实力；is directly bound up with 与……直接(密切)相关；
the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工农业生产效率；in turn 反过来，依次/轮流；
rests upon 有赖于，取决于；scientists and technologists of all kinds各种科技人员，所有领
域的科学家和技术人员。
【参考译文】
再者/更进一步来说，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相
关，而反过来效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
【测试点】主语从句；从句并列；动词短语；名词短语；
73. Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are
feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often
forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
【结构分析】
本句是个并列句，由 while引导两个句子并列，表示对比关系，翻译成“而”。Owing to(因
为，由于)是个表示原因的短语，主语 people后面接了两个并列谓语 are feeling 和 are being
exposed to。While后面接的句子结构较简单，其中 for the reasons given above是个表原因
的介词短语，given above是过去分词做后置定语，修饰前面的名词 reasons。
【核心词汇】
owing to因为，由于；mass-communications大众通讯；people everywhere所有的人，各
地的人；new wants 新的需求(要求，需要) ；being exposed to接触到，感受到；customs and
ideas习俗和思想；introduce 推出，采取，施行；innovations 革新，革新措施；for the reasons
given above 由于上述原因
【参考译文】
由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗
和思想，由于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。
【测试点】介词短语；句子并列；被动语态；
74. In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the
far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed— -was spread over nearly a century,
whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
【结构分析】
本句是个由 whereas（意思是“而”）连接的并列句，in the early industrialized countries
是个表示地点的介词短语，其后面应该接一个逗号，但英语中经常在状语后不用逗号，因
此和后面的主语名词混在一起很难识别，第一个句子的主语是 the process of
商志启航考研英语历年翻译真题解析（部分）
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industrialization，谓语是 was，主谓中间用了一个破折号连接的插入语，这个插入于是个介
词短语，其中介词 in social patterns做后置定语，修饰前面的名词 changes，而 that followed
两个词又做后置定语，修饰前面的名词 social patterns。第二个句子的结构较简单，主语是
a developing country，谓语是 may undergo，宾语 the same process指代前面提到的 the process
of industrialization，介词短语 in a decade or so做时间状语。
【核心词汇】
industrialized countries工业化国家；the process of industrialization 工业化进程，工业
化过程；with ...that followed 随……而来的，以及；far-reaching changes深刻的变革，影
响深远的变化；social patterns社会结构；spread over持续，延续；nearly a century大约(将
近、几乎)一个世纪；a developing nation一个发展中国家；undergo 经历；in a decade or
so 在 10年左右的时间，or so表示“左右”的意思。
【参考译文】
在早期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构
变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在 10年左右的时间内就可以完成同样
的工业化进程。
【测试点】介词短语单独翻译；插入结构；并列结构；固定短语
75．Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems
arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern
means of transport.
【结构分析】
本句的主语是 additional social stress，谓语是may also occur，后面是用介词短语 because
of连接的名词短语，一个是 the population explosion和 problems，但 problems后面又接了
一个现在分词 arising from mass migration movements做后置定语，破折号后面的 themselves
是个代词，因其是复数，所以指代前面的复数名词 movements，其后有接了一个过去分词
做它的后置定语。
【核心词汇】
Additional social stresses 新的(额外的 )社会压力；occur 出现，产生； population
explosion人口猛增，人口爆炸；arising from由……引起，产生于，来自于；mass migration
movements大量人口流动；migration流动，迁移；modern means of transport现代交通工具；
means 工具，手段，途径，还可以表示“收入”，比如：live beyond one’s means(过着入不
敷出的生活)。
【参考译文】
由于人口猛增或大量人口流动—现代交通工具使这样的大量人口流动变得相对容易
—所引起的各种问题也同样造成新的社会压力。
【测试点】原因状语；现在分词和过去分词做后置定语