概要信息：

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非谓语动词
非谓语动词用定语和状语 
一、非谓语动词的概念
非谓语动词是指动词不定式、动名词和分词。它们是动词的非限定形式。在句
子中它们起着一些特殊的作用。以下简要介绍它们各自的构成、作用及应用。
二、动词不定式
不定式是指带to的动词原形(使用中有时不带to),在句中起形容词或副词的作用, 
可以作状语和定语。
(一)作定语
1. 动词不定式与其修的词之间往往有动宾关系, 如果该不定式是不及物动词, 
其后有必要的介词。
He's pleasant fellow to work with.
There's nothing to worry about.
2. 有些名词后常跟不定式作定语。例如: time, reason, chance, right, ability, 
willingness, need, anxiety, wish, plan等。
Women should have the right to receive education.
There is no time to hesitate.
3. the first, the second, the last, the best 等之后用不定式做定语。
The monitor will be the first to come.
He was the last man to blame.
(二)作状语
1. 作目的状语
不定式作状语时, 其动作发生在谓语动词之后, 一般置于句子末尾。但是, 
如果表示强调, 亦可置于句首。其否定形式为: 在不定式符号前加not。
He went to Shanghai to visit his parents.
To save the earth, we must prevent the earth from being polluted.
I shut the door quietly, so as not to wake the baby.
2. 作结果状语
We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.
She left home, never to return again.
3. 作原因状语
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不定式做原因状语时, 一般放在句子末尾。
She burst into laughter to see his funny action.
The boy was shocked to see the frightening scene.
4. 作独立成分
有些固定词组带to不定式, 表明说话人的立场或态度, 在句中作独立成分。
这些词有:
to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short,to get (back) to the point, 
not to make much of it,to put it another way, to tell the truth等。
To tell you the truth, I have never been to Beijing.
To be honest, I have never heard of Winston Churchill.
We can't go. To begin with, it's too cold.我们不能去。首先,天太冷了。
To cut a long story short, I decided to stay.简而言之,我决定留下。
In the cousre of a day students do far more than just attend classes.(more 
than+不带to的不定式）
三、动名词
动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式, 由动词原形加词尾-
ing构成。与现在分词构成法相同。它同时具有动词及名词特征。
以下主要介绍其做定语及状语的情况。
1. 作定语
None is allowed to smoke in the waiting room.
The speeding car came to a stop all of a sudden.
2. 作状语
介词+动名词可以作状语用, 表示时间、原因、目的、让步、方式等。
After finishing the job, he went home.
He was blamed for having done something wrong.
They went to Manchester with the object of winning the World Championship.
四、分词
分词是动词的三种非限定形式之一, 
包括现在分词和过去分词两种。分词可以在句中作状语及定语。
(一)现在分词与过去分词的区别
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现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上,现在分词
(除被动式外)表示主动意思, 过去分词表示被动意思。在时间上, 
现在分词表示动作正在进行, 过去分词则表示动作已完成。
developing countries(发展中国家)
developed countries(发达国家)
the touching tale(动人的传说)
the touched audince(受感动的观众)
(二)现在分词的用法
现在分词可在句中作定语和状语。
1. 作定语
现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词前:
This is a pressing question.
这是一个紧迫的问题。
He asked an embarrassing question.
他提了一个令人难堪的问题。
现在分词亦可置于它所修饰的名词之后:
There were no soldiers drilling.
现在分词短语一般皆置于其修饰的名词之后:
A little child learning to walk often falls.
The men working here are all from the rural areas.
2. 现在分词用作状语
现在分词及其短语从表意的角度看, 也可用作状语, 
表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在
谓语动词之前或之后, 也可能与谓语动的动作同时发生。
(1)表示时间
Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.
He went out shutting the door behind him.
强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时, 现在分词之前可用连词when或while:
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When leaving the airport, they waved again and agin to us.
While flying over the Channel, the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite.
(2)表示原因
Being sick, I stayed at home.
She caught cold sitting on the grass.
(3)表示条件
Adopting this method, we will raise the average yield by 40 percent.
Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage.
(4)表示让步
Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasn't tried her best.
(5)表示结果
It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country.
It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holday.
(6)表示方式或伴随情况
He ran up to her breathing heavily.
Please fill in the form, giving your name, address, etc.
（三）过去分词的作用
1. 作定语
过去分词可以作定语。如果是单词，常置于其所修饰的名词之前，例如：
Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier?
2. 作状语
（1）时间状语
Heated,the metals expands
When seen through a telescope,the sun appears darker near the edge
（2）表示原因
Born and bred in the countryside, he was bewildered by the big city.
Overcome with surprise, she was unable to utter a word.
（3）表示条件
United,we stand;divided,we fall.
Given more time,I’ll do it better.
（4）表示让步
Considered as a building material,wood is not very strong.
Badly involved in the accident,the car is still running.
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（5）表示方式或伴随
He came back,utterly exhausted.
United as one, the people of the whole country are striving for greater 
successes in socialist construction.
(四)分词独立结构
It being a holiday,I went fishing.
Weather permitting, we shall start tomorrow.
The plan having been approved of,what is most important is to carry it 
out.计划被批准后，最重要的是付诸实施。
She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast.她凝视着，双手交叉在胸前。
Generally speaking,we now live in a comparatively peaceful an rich world.
Judging from what you said,he is a stone-heartd  person.
He fell asllep with the lamp burning
The day was bright,with a fresh breeze blowing.
非谓语动词作词宾语和宾语补足语 
一、非谓语动词(短语)作动词宾语
1. 要求动词+-ing作宾语的动词
    有些动词只要求动词+-ing作宾语, 这类动词有:admit, advise, advocate, 
allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider,delay, deny, endure, enjoy, 
escape, excuse, fancy, finish, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep, mind, 
miss, pardon, permit, postpone, prevent, quit, regret, require, resent, resist, 
risk, stop, suggest, understand, can't help (couldn't help), stand 等, 例如: 
I couldn't help feeling proud of our country.
Someone suggested organizing an outing to the Western Hills.
I suggest our going to the park on Sunday.我建议我们星期天去公园。
It has stopped raining.雨停了。
They risked losing their jobs.他们冒着失去工作的风险。
The roof requires repairing.屋顶需要修理了。
I believe you will regret leaving Paris.我相信你会为离开巴黎而后悔的。
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He has quit smoking.他已戒了烟。
They postponed sending an answer to a 
request.他们耽搁了对一项请求的答覆。
The child kept asking me questions.这孩子老是问我问题。
She missed going to the party on Saturday.星期六她没能出席聚会。
Would you mind switching the television to channel 
8?请把电视转到八频道好吗?
Your wish to go for a walk does not justify your leaving the baby alone in the 
house. 你想出去散步并不证明将婴儿独自留在屋中是对的。
Can you imagine her becoming a pilot? 你能想象她成了飞行员吗？
I haven't finished reading the book yet.我还没读完这本书。
Fancy sitting in the sun all day!想一想整天坐在太阳底下的滋味吧!
We were lucky to escape being punished.我们很幸运,没有受罚。
I enjoyed reading these books very much.我很喜欢读这些书。
I cannot endure being disturbed in my work. 
我不能忍受在工作的时候受人干扰。
He denied having seen these watches before.他否认曾经见过这些手表。
Our teacher does not allow cheating to go unpunished. 
我们的老师不容许欺骗行为不受到惩罚。
We're considering moving to Seattle.我们考虑搬往西雅图。
They all avoided mentioning that name.他们都避免提及那名字。
He anticipated his deriving much instruction from the lecture. 
他期望从这次演讲中得到很多教益。
I admitted breaking the window.我承认打破了窗子。
I advised against their doing it. 我劝他们不要做这件事。
He advocates reforming the prison system.他主张改良监狱制度。
某些动词词组也要求动词+-ing作宾语, 例如: give up, leave off, put off (注: 
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这些动词短语均为动词+副词结构)以及amound to, be accustomed to, be used 
to, be opposed to, devote to, feel like,look forward to, object to, resort 
to(依靠、求助于), submit to（屈服于） 等。例如: 
Mr. Smith gave up smoking according to his doctor's advice.
Do you feel like having a walk with us in the woods by the sea?
Some people in the rich world are opposed to doing business with poor 
countries.
有时在形容词后面也要求用动词+-ing, 例如: busy, worth, worthwhile等。例如: 
Is it worthwhile making such an experiment?
I am busy writing a novel.我正忙于写小说。
That novel is not worth reading.那部小说不值得一读。
还有在Point, trouble, difficulty 等名词后, 也用动词+-ing。例如:
There is not much point (in) thinking about it. 
There is no point in complaining. They can't do anything to help 
you.抱怨于事无补;他们没办法帮助你。
American businessmen have difficulty (in) understanding their Japanese 
counterparts. 
I had a little trouble learning English grammar.我学英文语法有过一点困难。
注: 在 it's no use, it's not much use, it's no good 后要求用动词+-ing。但是在it 
is of no use 后则要用动词不定式。例如: 
It's no use crying about it. You must do something.
It's no good writing to him; he never answers letters.
It's of no use to cry over spilt milk.
2. 要求动词不定式作宾语的动词
    有些动词后面可以跟动词不定式, 这类动词有:  afford, agree, aim, arrange, 
ask, assist, attempt, (can't) bear, beg, begin, bother, care cease, choose, 
claim, continue, dare, decide, demand, eserve, desire, determine, dislike, 
endeavour, expect, fail, fear, forget, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, 
like, long, love, manage, mean,need, neglect, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, 
pretend, promise, propose,refuse, regret, remember, require, seek, start, 
strive, swear, tend, think,threaten, try, undertake, want, wish 等。例如:
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Don't hesitate to ask me questions if you don't understand.
He endeavoured to adopt a positive but realistic attitude to the issue. 
He endeavored to streamline the plant 
organization.他努力使工厂组织简化而更有效地运作
Philip politely pretended not to have heard this remark.
3. 在有些动词后面既可以跟动词+-ing, 也可以跟动词不定式这类动词有: 
attempt, (can't)bear, begin, cease, continue, deserve, dislike, dread, 
ear,forget, hate, intend, like, love, need, neglect, plan, prefer, propose, 
regret,remember, require, start, try, want 等。
    在有些动词后面, 两种结构之间的意义差别不大。例如:
    He prefers writing (to write) an outline before he writes a summary.
    He had really intended staying (to stay) longer.
    但在某些动词之后, 两种结构之间的意义差别较明显:
We must try to solve this problem.我们必须设法解决这个问题。
We can try solving this problem in other 
ways.我们可以试用另一些方法来解决这一问题。
I must remember to pay you for the 
ticket.我一定要记住把电影票的钱支付给你。
I don’t remembe paying you for the 
tickets.我不记得已把电影票的钱支付给你了。   
这类词还有forget, mean, regret等。
demand, deserve, need, require, want 等词既可以要求动词+-ing作宾语, 
也可以要求动词不定式的被动式作宾语。例如:
John's house in the country wants painting.
John's house in the country wants to be painted.
这两种结构意义相同。
还有像go on, stop 这类动词如果后接动词+-ing 
则表示继续(做某事)或停止(做某事); 
而如果后接动词不定式则表示前面一个动作已结束或停止, 
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继之做另一个动作。例如:
The robot first reads the engineering drawing and then goes on to
assemble the parts
    机器人首先阅读工程图纸, 然后根据图约安装零部件。
Some students went on working on their examination when the bell rang.
    当铃声响的时候, 一些学生还在继续做考试题。
二、非谓语动词作宾语补足语
要求动词不定式做宾语补足语的动词有:feel, have, hear, let, listen to, look at, 
make, notice, observe, see和watch。在这些动词后面, 
做宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to。例如:
I'll try to get someone repair the recorder for you.
Electricity makes the motor run. 
I heard him say so.我听到他这么说过。
She would not let the child do it.她不会让孩子做这事的。
I observed him stop at the gate.我看到他在门口停下来。
I watched him put on his coat.我看着他穿上衣服。
但是当这些动词用于被动语态时, 后面的动词不定式则必须带to:
The motor is made to run by electricity.
在 cannot but, do nothing but (except), had better, had best, rather than, 
would rather 。.than 和 would sooner 
than等结构后要求不带to的动词不定式。例如: 
I have done nothing except do what I should. 
One cannot but admire her even if one may not like 
her.你即使不喜欢她也只得佩服她。
要求动词+-ing(短语)作宾语补足语的动词有: discover, feel, find, have, hear, 
keep, leave, like, need, notice,observe, report, see, smell, spot, want, watch 
等。例如:
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Male secretaries sometimes find themselves mistaken for higher status
professionals.
You can have your tape recorder repaired in the shop over there.
   其中在see, hear, feel, observe, watch, notice 等动词后, 
既可以用不定式作宾语补足语, 也可以用动词+-
ing作宾语补足语。前者强调动作发生的?事实( 即动作全部过程结束 ), 
后者则强调动作的进行过程(即动作正在进行)。
Tom saw his parents get into the car and drive off.
I saw him making the experiment.
    注: 如果是过去分词作宾语补足语, 
则表示过去分词所表示的动作在谓语?动词所表示的动作发生之前已经完成。例
如:
    We found the work completely done.
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