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In the lecture, doubts are casted on the theories from the 
reading passage, which tries to explain ... 
 
The lecture talks about the problems with the theory from 
the reading, which tries to ...
It gives several facts and details, with which the theories 
are inconsistent. 
 
The theories are severely weakened when certain details 
are taken into account.
In the lecture, doubts are casted on the theories 
presented in the reading passage, which tries to explain 
the purposes and meanings of the carved stone balls. It 
gives several facts and details, with which the theories are 
inconsistent.
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The lecture does not believe that ... 
 
The lecture is convinced that ... 
 
The theory about/that ... is porous/absurd/unconvincing.
The theory about the stone balls being used as weapons is 
unconvincing. 
The theory that the stone balls were used as weapons is 
unconvincing.
... could not have ... / ... would not ... 
 
The lecture believes that the theory about ... is  
open to contention/highly questionable
The portrait could not have been created when Jane 
Austen was a teenage girl. 
 
The lecture believes that the theory about Jane Austen's 
family's recognition is open to contention.
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⼜又已知：Since 
所以：Consequently; As a result; Therefore
First, the lecture does not believe that Jane Austen's family's 
recognition is valid. This is because Jane had been dead for 70 
years when her family authorized the use of the portrait, 
which means that they had never seen Jane in person. 
Therefore, they could not have know what Jane looked like, 
which makes their permission meaningless.
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Second, the lecture is convinced that there are other 
candidates for the subject of the portrait. The reason is that 
Jane Austen's family was quite large, which means there were 
many teenage girls within the family. Since some of them 
would resemble Jane Austen, the portrait could be of any of 
the relatives.
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This effectively invalidates/negates the theory that ... 
 
This would have made it impossible for ...
Second, the theory that the stone balls were used as weight 
units is porous. This is because the balls are made of 
different types of stones, which means they have very 
different densities. Therefore, their masses vary 
considerably. This would have made it impossible for the 
stone balls to have been used in a primitive weight system.
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Third, the lecture does not believe that the portrait 
was created when Jane Austen was a teenager. The 
evidence is a stamp on the back of the portrait, 
which indicates that the canvas was sold by William 
Legg. Since William did not start selling canvases 
until Jane was 27, Jane Austen was definitely older 
than the girl in the portrait when it was created.
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While accepting that ..., the lecture asserts that ...
While accepting that the style links to Ozias Humphrey, the 
lecture asserts that the portrait was created much later.
Although ..., the conclusion that ... is still premature.
Although the portrait does resemble Cassandra's sketch, the 
conclusion that it is of Jane Austen is still premature.
The theory about ... is, among others, just one possibility.
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If ..., there would have ... . However, ...
First, the theory about the stone balls being used as 
weapons is unconvincing. If the stone balls were used in 
hunting or fighting, there would have been signs of wear or 
use. However, the stone balls are generally well preserved. 
This effectively invalidate the idea that the balls were used 
as hunting tools.
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Third, the stone balls could not have been used as social 
markers. To begin with, while some of the stone balls has 
intricate patterns, others have ones that are too simple to 
indicate social statuses. Besides, if the stone balls were used 
as social markers, they would have been buried with their 
owners. However, none of the stone balls were found in 
tombs or graves.
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Second, while accepting that burning of hydrogen does not 
pollute, the lecture asserts that producing fuel-cells pollutes. 
The reason is that in order to produce pure hydrogen, a 
purification process is needed, which requires a great deal of 
energy. This means that a huge amount of coal or oil have to 
be burnt. Therefore, producing fuel-cell engines does not 
solve pollution problems.
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Second, the buzzer believes that the theory about buzzing 
harming consumers is unacceptable. This is because when he 
buzzes a product, other people ask many questions about it. If 
he does not give satisfactory answers, they would not make 
the purchase. This makes it impossible for buzzing to pose 
harm to consumers.
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Nowadays, students are burdened with increasing amount of 
schoolwork. Generally, children are expected to finish their 
assignments independently. However, some assignments are 
too challenging for children to finish by themselves, and they 
need to seek help, in which case they usually turn to their 
parents. Personally speaking, I don't think parental 
interference should be encouraged.
When it comes to homework, neither children nor their 
parents would ever feel at ease. Children always complain 
about their workload, while their parents are afraid of the 
homework not getting finished properly and in time. In my 
opinion, no matter how much parents care about their 
children's homework issue, they should always stay as 
uninvolved as possible.
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Children hate school assignments, and even more do many 
adults. In some cases, parents cannot count on their children 
to get the schoolwork done properly and in time, and thus 
have to interfere. Instead of giving redirections and 
encouragements, many parents simply choose to help their 
children with the schoolwork content and even give easy 
solutions. I do not believe this contributes positively to their 
children's long-term development.
When children have trouble finishing their homework, 
sometimes parents feel obliged to intervene. There are 
various ways of intervention, including bribe, coerce, and 
simply providing solutions and answers. Getting homework 
done in these ways clearly saves the trouble for both children 
and parents in the short term, but there are side effects. In 
fact, when parents decide to help their children with 
homework, they are preserving problems instead of solving 
them.
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I can still remember my high school days. I had tons of 
homework to finish every night. My parents would be sitting 
gin the living room watching TV, when I tried to solve those 
maths mysteries. They had almost never offered me any help 
with my homework since I could remember, and when I really 
needed to seek assistance, I would make a phone call to one of 
my friends. I cannot be too grateful of my parents for having 
kept things that way.
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First of all, getting the homework done does not necessarily 
mean acquiring knowledge.  Effective learning happens when 
challenges are overcome or mistakes are corrected. If parents 
help their children with homework using knowledges are 
experiences their children do not possess, there would not be 
challenges, and neither will their children make mistakes. 
Take, for example, learning to speak or write in another 
language. If a child is given the exact phrases and structures 
when he tries to express an idea, what he learns about the 
language is confined. Compared to that, if he does not get 
help and is forced to use dictionaries and distinguish between 
words and phrases, he learns something by heart. Even if he 
does not find a best way of expression, hopefully he will be 
corrected by his teacher and really remember it.
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Besides, if parents play a role in the homework session, it is 
not good for their children's future learning. Doing homework 
is not just about learning the content carried by the work 
itself. It is also about developing a routine in which children 
find ways to solve problems, either independently or through 
teamwork. Parents' help with homework inhibits the 
development of this routine.  
例⼦子1:When I was in high school, my physics teacher often 
assigned some pre-study tasks, which was very challenging 
and helps the students understand the points in the upcoming 
classes. By finishing those tasks, of which the content is not 
related to my current major, I acquired the ability of pre-
study, which became extremely important for my current 
chemistry study. 
例⼦子2:When I was in college, I took a programming course, 
which in fact has nothing to do with my current job. Yet I have 
never regretted taking the course, since programming 
required optimization of process, impeccable logic, and 
extreme scrutiny, which are all critical for my later study and 
work. If there were someone at my aid from time to time to 
make sure I finished my homework easily and correctly, 
taking the course would have been a total waste of time.
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I am not saying that parents should leave their children 
completely alone. When children struggle with their 
homework, there are things parents could help with. They can 
try to eliminate distractions nearby, and satisfy their children's 
basic needs. My parents always made sure the TV was tuned 
down, and once in a while they sent some snack or peeled 
apples to my desk, which I appreciate a great deal. Looking 
back at this point, I cannot think of anything else I could have 
asked for.
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To sum up, parental intervention not only stands in the way 
of learning, but jeopardizes the development of children's 
routines and habits as well, and thus should not be 
encouraged.
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Besides, wealthy people spend much more money than regular 
ones, and spending or investing money is, in a way, 
contributing to the general society. When they purchase a 
product or pays for a service, the manufacturer or the service 
provider makes good money. Taxes are paid during this 
process. What's more, the employees of the manufacturer or 
service provider can use their salaries to buy food and other 
necessities, which in turn contributes to the prosperity of the 
economy, and thus the well-being of everyone within the 
society. On the other hand, if the money is not used to make 
purchases and goes to charity, not only does it not boost the 
economy, but intensifies the segregation between the rich and 
the poor as well.
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• Fortunately, by cutting the number of employees, the 
annual debt of the firm has decreased. 
• After getting directions, at least five pairs of eyes 
watched me get back into my car. 
• As leaders, it is necessary to get a clear picture of the 
problems and work out measures to solve them. 
• To lead China into the 21st century, efforts must also be 
made to promote cultural and ethical progress. 

Fortunately, by cutting the number of employees, the firm has 
decreased its annual debt.
Fortunately, after the firm cut the number of employees, the annual 
debt has decreased.
After getting directions, I got back into my car with five pairs of eyes 
on me. 
 
After I got directions, at least five pairs of eyes watched me get back 
into my car.
It is necessary for leaders to get a clear picture of the problem and 
work out measures to solve them.
To lead China into the 21st century, the government must also 
make efforts to promote cultural and ethical progress.
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• Many experts have tried to explain personality 
development. 
• It might not work, but it’s worth a try. 
• Adults have to make a conscious attempt/effort to 
learn such skills. 
On the contrary, if the parents 
are just trying to do the 
homework for their children, 
they would run the risk of 
making children increasingly 
dependent and unable to 
mentally mature. 
And I’ll try to demonstrate my 
point in the following 
paragraphs. 
But what parents should do is 
not doing their favor 
instantaneously but 
encouraging them to have try to 
overcome it by themselves, 
which let them realize that 
homework should be done 
without others help. 

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revise/edit 
• The original specification was changed. 
• Prepare the final draft of your paper when you have 
changed the text 
• Our experience can actually change the structure of 
the brain. 
• The software can be changed to suit the user’s needs.  
 
What is known from scientific 
research is that children start to 
change their way of thinking 
from an intrinsic manner to a 
rational one at a wind range of 
ages. 
It is researched that learning 
music can change the structure 
of brain, which can expand the 
parts that control hearing and 
memory. 
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• A high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet is also recommended 
by many diabetes expert. 
• The center advocates the use of rehabilitation 
programs instead of prison. 
• He stated that he does not condone violence of any 
kind. 
• The newspaper stopped short of endorsing either 
candidate.

 
What is known from scientific 
research is that children start to 
change their way of thinking 
from an intrinsic manner to a 
rational one at a wind range of 
ages. 
It is researched that learning 
music can change the structure 
of brain, which can expand the 
parts that control hearing and 
memory. 
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Soon after the fighting stopped/ended. 
The country's second largest airline stopped/ceased 
operations. 
 
5,start 
 
The courses start/commence at 10:00 a.m. 
The virus first started/emerged in China's Guangdong 
province in November 2002. 
 
6,important 
 
Intellectual-property law is important/crucial/critical to 
economic success. 
 
Experience is an important/essential/vital part of 
learning.
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The teacher couldn't keep/maintain control of the 
classroom. 
 
The oil consumption will be kept/sustained at the same 
level. 
 
The native peoples keep/retain ownership and control of 
the land.
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The accident happened/took place in heavy rain. 
 
The incident happened/occurred on Jun 28. 
 
problem/complication/difficulty/question/issue/
opportunity arises
9,rich/wealthy 
 
Australia's economy is prosperous and stable. 
 
This occurs twice as much in the inner city area as 
compared to wealthier/more affluent suburbs.
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10,poor 
 
The president was born into a poor family and knew 
poverty throughout his early life. 
 
The author have been able to draw comparisons between 
affluent and poor/disadvantaged/underpriviliged areas. 
 
This is one of the most socially and economically deprived 
parts of London.
of
11, think/believe 
 
Many people think science is intimidating and boring. 
Many people regard/consider science as intimidating 
and boring. 
Certain kinds of behavior are not considered socially 
acceptable. 
Our real problem is that aging is thought/perceived to be 
a problem.
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