常耀信《美国文学简史》考研考点讲义.pdf
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《美国文学简史》考点精讲及复习思路
1
ForewordTheDivisionofU.SLiterature
TheDivisionofAmericanLiterature
I.TheAmericanIndianVoices
I.TheEnglishColonialYears(16201820)
Chapters12
II.TheRomanticPeriod(18201865)
Chapters37
IV.TheRealisticPeriod(18651914)
Chapters810
V.TheModernPeriod(19141945)
Chapters1118
VI.ContemporaryAmericanLeters(1945)
Chapters18
I.TheEnglishColonialYears(16201820)
A.PuritanisticInfluence
B.EarlyLiteraryForms
Leters,journals,historicalrecords,poemsandearlynovels
C.Content:Religious,Secularorpolitical
D.Namesdeservementioning
CaptainJohnSmith’sADescriptionofNewEngland
WiliamBradford’sOfPlymouthPlantation
ThomasJeferson’sNotesonVirginia
AnneBradsteetas“TheTenthMuseinNorthAmerica”
MichaelWigglesworth’sTheDayofDoom(1662)
2
PhilipFreneau’spatriotic/naturepoetry
WiliamHilBrown,PowerofSympathy,1789
HughHenryBrackenridge,ModernChivalry,(17921815)
CharlesBrockdenBrownandhisgothicnovels:Wieland(1798)
BenjaminFranklin’sTheAutobiography
JonathanEdwards’s“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”
II.AmericanRomanticPeriod(18201865)
A.RomanticFathers:
WashingtonIrvingandJ.F.Cooper
B.NewEnglandTranscendentalists(18361855):
RalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau
C.TwogiantnovelistsintheFirstLiteraryRenaissanceHawthorneandMelvile
D.AControversialmanofleters:E.A.Poe
E.TheEpitomesofAmericanPoetry:
WaltWhitmanandEmilyDickinson
IV.TheRealisticPeriod(18651914)
Realists:HenryJamesandhispsychologicalrealism
WiliamDeanHowelsandhismoralrealism
LocalColorists:
MarkTwainandotherLocalcolorists(regionalism)
FrancesBretHarte
HamlinGarland
Naturalists:
FrankNoris,StephanCrane,JackLondon
TheodoreDreiserandhisnaturalistnovels
E.A.Robinsonandnaturalistpoetry:
V.TheModernEra(19141945)
5.1ModernPoetry(ModernistGiants)(A)
1.EzraPound
2.T.S.Eliot
3.WalaceStevens
《美国文学简史》考点精讲及复习思路
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4.W.C.Wiliams
5.RobertFrost
6CarlSandburg
7.HartCrane
8.e.e.cummings
5.2ModernNovelists
1.TwoNovelistsintheTransitionalera
SherwoodAndersonandWilaCather
2.ThefirstNobelPrizeWinner:
SinclairLewis
3.FemaleEuroResidingGenius
GertrudeStein
4.RepresentativesoftheLostGeneration:
A.ErnestHemingway(18991961)
B.F.S.Fitzgerald(18961940)
5.EpitomeoftheSouthernRenaissance:
WiliamFaulkner
6.Faulkner’sSouthernFolowers:
a.AnnePorter
b.EudoraWelty
c.CarsonMcCulers
7.PearlBuck,thefirstWomanNobelPrizeWinner
8.TheBlackNovelistsintheHarlemRenaissance:
a.ZoraNealeHurston
b.LangstonHughes
c.RichardWright
9.TheLeftistNovelists:
JohnDosPassos
Steinbeck
10.TheJewishAmericanNovelistsinthisPeriod:
NathanielWest
4
HenryRoth
MichaelGold
5.3ModernAmericanDrama
EugeneO’NeilandAmericanTheatricalRenaissance
MaxwelAnderson:O’Neil’sOnlyMatch
ElmerRiceandhisTheAddingMachine
LilianHelman
ThorntonWilde
T.S.Eliot(thepoeticdrama)
VI.ContemporaryAmericanLiterature
A.Novelssince1945
1.WarNovels
JamesJones
HermanWouk
NormanMailer
Postmodernwarnovels:
JosephHeler
KurtVonnegut,Jr.
ThomasPynchon
2.JewishAmericanNovelists
SaulBelow
BernardMalamud
IssacBashevisSinger
PhilipRoth
CynthiaOzick
3.SouthernNovels
RobertPennWaren
TrumanCapote
WiliamStyron
FlanneryO’Connor
4.NovelsAgainsttheCulturalNorm
《美国文学简史》考点精讲及复习思路
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JeromeDavidSalinger
WiliamBuroughs
JackKerouac
5.ExperimentalNovels
JohnHawks(1925)
JohnBarth(1930)
DonaldBarthelme(193189)
WiliamGaddis(1922)
JosephHeler(1923)
ThomasPynchon(1937)
KurtVonnegut(1923)
VladimirNabokov(18991977)
6.NeoRealistnovelists
RobertStone(1937)
E.L.Doctorow(1931)
RobertCoover(1932)
DonDeLilo(1936)
7.AfroAmericannovelists
Fromthe194os1950s)
(1)RalphElison(191494)
(2)JamesBaldwin(19241987)
(3)IsmaelReed(1938)
(4)AlexHaley(1921)
(5)AliceWalker(1944)
(6)ToniMorison(1931)
IshmaelReed
AliceWalker
ToniMorison
8.ThelistofContemporaryWomenNovelists
AfroAmericanwomenwriters:WalkerandMorison
ChineseAmericanwomennovelists:AmyTan,MaxineHongKingston
6
NativeWomenNovelists:LouisErdrich
MaryMcCarthy
JoyceCarolOates
JoyceCarolOates(1938)
violence,sex,mariage,family
7
第一章
LiteratureintheColonialPeriod(16071820)
!"#$%&$'(% )(*+,'-$./0
DiscoveryofAmericaandearlysetlers
!!"123'4*(. 5$'4&(.462
1.Puritans
!
AmericanPuritans
!
AmericanPuritanism
2.Calvinism:Predestination,OriginalSin,TotalDepravity,LimitedAtonement
3.ItsinfluenceuponAmericanwritings:
a.(technique):symbolism
b.(tone):optimism
c.(language):simplicity
d.(theme):redemptionandsalvation
8
Ⅲ" 783 94&3'(': 4. &83 #-%-.4(% 53'4-/
1.Generalfeatures:OfHumbleorigin;documentary;personal
2.LiteraryForms:histories,leters,journals,sermons,naratives,poetry,novels,etc.
A.histories:
CaptainJohnSmith’sADescriptionofNewEngland
WiliamBradford’sOfPlymouthPlantation
JohnWinthrop’sAModelofChristianCharity
ThomasJeferson’sNotesonVirginia
B.Personalaccount:Slavenaratives,prisoner’s
naratives,etc.
e.g.MaryRowlandson’spersonalaccount
C.Sermons:JonathanEdwards’Sinnersinthe
HandsofAnAngryGod
9
TheJefersonMemorialinWashington,D.C.
LiteratureintheColonialPeriod(16071820)
D.Poetry:
AnneBradstreetandherreligiousandsecularpoetry
“Contemplations”“ToMyDearandLovingHusband”,
MichaelWigglesworth’sTheDayofDoom(1662)
EdwardTaylor'sreligiouspoetry:“Huswifery”
PhilipFreneau’spatriotic/naturepoetry:
“TheWildHoneySuckle”,“TheIndianBurialGround”
PhilisWheatleythefirstAfroAmericanpoetess:
1.WiliamHilBrown,ThePowerofSympathy,1789(Sentimentalepistolarynovel).
2.HughHenryBrackenridge,ModernChivalry,(17921815)(Picaresquenovel)
3.CharlesBrockdenBrownandhisgothicnovels
10
E.Novels:
Wieland(1798),EdgarHuntly(1799),Ormond(1799),ArthurMervyn(1800)
11
第二章
1.TheIntelectualBackgroundsforthe18thCentury:
A.AmericanPuritanism
B.TheGreatAwakeningin1730sand1740s
JonathanEdwardsastheleadingadvocate
C.Deism:aCompromisebetweenScienceandReligion
Newtonandhisfamousprincipleofuniversalgravitation
D.TheInfluenceofTheEnlightenmentMovement
(inFrance:Montesquieu,Rousseau,Voltaire)
(inEngland:AlexanderPope,DanielDefoe)
JonathanEdwards(17031758)
!!";-.(&8(. =('/6 >?@AB
?@CDE
1.Status:apuritanwriter,theologian,colonialAmericanpreacherandmissionarytoN
ativeAmericans
2.Comments:
Edwards“iswidelyacknowledgedtobeAmerica'smostimportantandoriginalphilosophi
caltheologian".
12
HeisknownasoneofthegreatestandmostprofoundofAmericantheologiansandreviv
alists.(bornforreligionanddiedforscience)
3.Works:
“PersonalNarative”and“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”arehisfrequentlyan
thologizedpieces.
4.Criticism:
Hisworkisverybroadinscope,butheisoftenassociatedwithhisdefenseofCalvinist
theology,themetaphysicsoftheologicaldeterminism,andthePuritanheritage.Hisfamous
sermon“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod,”emphasizedthejustwrathofGodagainstsin
andcontrasteditwiththeprovisionofGodforsalvation;theintensityofhispreachingsome
timesresultedinmembersoftheaudiencefainting,swooning,andothermoreobtrusivereac
tions.
BenjaminFranklin(17061790)
!!!")3.F(24. G'(.+%4.
A.Status:
oneofthegreatestfoundingfathersof theAmericanNation
araregeniusinhumanhistory
Jackofaltrades:essayist,autobiographicalwriter,printer,scientist,postmaster,alma
nacmaker,orator,statesman,philosopher,politicaleconomist,ambassador,parlorman,al
mosteverything
B.LifeandCareer(EarlyYears):
1.CalvinistbackgroundinBoston
2.Candlemaker’sfamily“poorandobscure”
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3.Litleformaleducation
Selftaughtandselfmade
4.Apprenticetohishalfbrothercomposer
HismaidenwritinginthepseudonameSilenceDogood
A.runawayboyfromBostontoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortune
B.LifeandCareer(AStoryofSuccess)5.Asuccessfulprinterwhoretiredat42
6.HefoundedthePennsylvaniaHospital,theUniversityofPennsylvania,theAmerican
PhilosophicalSociety,asubscriptionlibrary,volunteerfiredepartments
7.Heinventedglassharmonica,theefectivestreetlighting,theFranklinstove,bifocal
glasses,eficientheatingsystem,andlightningrodforwhichhewaspraisedas“thenewPro
metheuswhohadstolenfirefromheaven”byImmanuelKant
8.AmemberofthePennsylvaniaAssembly
TheDeputyPostmasterGeneralforthecolonies
RepresentativeofthecoloniesinLondonfor18years;MinistertoFrance;Minister
toSweden
9.MemberoftheCommiteeofFivetodrafttheDeclarationofIndependence
10.TheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:theDe
clarationofIndependence,thetreatyofaliancewithFrance,theconstitution
C.HisMajorWritings:
PoorRichard’sAlmanac
1.Time:almostaquarterofcentury
2.Content:Literarypiecessuchaspoemsandessays,agoodmanyadages,commensense
witicisms
3.Sources:heborowedthemfromsuchfamouswriterssuchasRabelais,Defoe,Swift
andPopeandtriedtosimplifythesequotations
4.Examples:Famoussayingssuchas“Losttimeisneverfoundagain”,“Godhelpthem
thathelpthemselves”,“Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays”,etc..
5.Function:practical,instructive,andamusing
TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin
1.Nature:Probablythefirstofitskind.Asimpleyetfascinatingrecordofaman’ssuc
cess.AfaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerica’sfirstselfmademan.
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2.Structure:
Fourpartswritenatdiferenttimes.Beginningat65.
3.Content:
(a)Puritanism:aPuritandocument,arecordofselfexaminationandselfimprovement,
ameticulouschartof13virtues.
(b)Enlightenment:OrderandModeration
4.Style:ThisworkiswriteninthepaternofPuritansimplicity,directness,andconci
sion.Themostsalientfeaturesaresuchastheplainnessofitsstyle,thehomelinessofimage
ry,thesimplicityofdiction,syntax,andexpression.
5.Tone:Optimism
TheAmericandreambeganwiththesetlementoftheAmericancontinentthepromised
landtheGardenofEdenoptimisticaboutthefuture.
15
第三章
I.AmericanRomanticism
1.IntelectualBackground
Stretchingfromtheendofthe18thcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar(1820
1865)
Politicaly:Democracyandpoliticalequality;thetwopartypoliticalsysteminthemaking
Economicaly:Thespreadofindustrialism,thesuddeninfluxofimmigrants,andthepio
neerspushingthefrontierfurtherwestleadtoaneconomicboom.
Literarily:NewerliteraryexpressionsinmagazinessuchasTheSouthernReview,TheAt
lanticMonthly,andHarper’sMagazine
2.ForeignInfluence(DerivativeandImitative)
TheRomanticmovementinEnglandandEuropeprovedtobeadecisiveinfluenceupon
Americanromanticism.
TheBritishromanticwriters:WiliamWordsworth,TaylorColeridge,Byron,Robert
Burns,SheleyandSirWalterScot.
TheBritishRomanticliterarypiecessuchasLyricalBalads(1798)andWalterScot’
sbordertaleswereesp.prevalentinAmerica.(Scot’sIvanhoe,RobRoy,TheLadyofthe
LakeandWaverley).
3.NativeFactors(Diferentandistinctive)
Distinctfeatures:Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewex
perience”and“anewsensibility”:
newplace;newfaces;newsight,smels,andsounds;newculturalfactor(AmericanIn
dians).
AmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagerenderedAmericanmoralvaluesbasicalypu
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ritan.
AmericanRomanticwriterstendedmoretomoralizeandsymbolizethantheirEnglishand
Europeanbrothers.
Asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,AmericanRomanticismwas
bothimitativeandistinctive,bothderivativeandindependent.
!!" H(684.,&-. !'I4., >?@DB
?DCJE
1.LiteraryStatus
FatherofAmericanliterature
Thefirstprofessionalwriter
ThefirstRomanticwriter
Thefirstshortstorywriter
ThefirstAmericanimaginativewriter
recognizedbytheEuropeans
2.Life
AwealthyNewYorkmerchantfamilyReadwidelystudiedlaw
CaredforhisfamilybusinessinEnglandWentbankruptwrotetosupporthimself
3.HisWorks:
AHistoryofNewYork(1809)
TheSketchBook(181920)
TheAlhambra(1832)
LifeofGoldsmith,LifeofWashington
TheshortstoryasagenreinAmericanliteratureprobablybeganwithIrving’sTheSketch
Book,acolectionofessays,sketches,andtales,ofwhichthemostfamousare“RipVan
Winkle”and“TheLegendofSleepyHolow”.
4.Divisionofhiswritings:
TheEnglishperiodfromhisfirstbookupto1832
TheAmericanperiodovertheremainingyearsofhislife.
5.WritingStyle
beautifulthoughimitative.
A.avoidingmoralizing;writingtoamuseandentertain.
常耀信《美国文学简史》考点精讲及复习思路
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B.envelopinghisstoriesinarichatmosphere
C.hisplotisslimandsimple
D.vividandtruecharacterization
E.suchahumorouswriterthatitisdificultnottosmileandoccasionalyevenchuckle
F.hisfinishedandmusicallanguage
6.HisMasterpieces
“RipVanWinkle”:
astoryfromGermansourceaddedAmericanbackdrops
afantasytaleaboutamanwhosomehowsteppedoutsidethemainstreamoflife.
RipVanWinkleisasimple,goodnatured,andhenpeckedman.Hedoeseverythingexcept
takecareofhisownfarmandfamily.Hehelpseveryoneexcepthiswifeandhisownfolks.
Soheiswelcomeeverywhereexceptathome.“Heisoneofthosehappymortals,who
taketheworldeasy,eatwhitebreadorbrown,whichevercanbegotwithleastthoughtortrou
ble,andwouldratherstarveonapennythanworkforapound.”
PlotSummeryof“RipVanWinkle”
ThestoryissetbeforeandaftertheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.RipVanWinkle,a
Dutchdescent,livesinanicevilageatthefootofNewYork'sCatskilMountains.Anamiable
manwhosehomeandfarmsuferfromhislazyneglect,heislovedbyalbuthiswife.Oneau
tumndayheescapeshisnaggingwifebywanderingupthemountains.Afterencountering
strangelydressedmenwhoareplayingninepin,andafterdrinkingsomeoftheirliquor,he
setlesdownunderashadytreeandfalsasleep.
Hewakesuptwentyyearslaterandreturnstohisvilage.Hefindsoutthatithas
changedsomuchandhiswifeisdead.Hedidn’tknowtheAmericanRevolutionhastaken
place.Anoldlocalrecognizeshim,andRip’sgrowndaughtereventualyputshimup.Rip’
staleissolemnlybelievedbytheoldDutchsetlers,certainhenpeckedhusbandsespecialy
wishtheysharedRip'sluck.
PlotSummeryof“TheLegendofSleepyHolow”
“TheLegendofSleepyHolow”naratesthememorableeventofanapparentlyhead
lesshorsemanandthememorablecharacterofIchabod.
Setaround1790inasecludedglencaledSleepyHolow,NewYork,thisstoryiscon
cernedwithIchabodCrane,asuperstitiousschoolmasterfromConnecticutwhocompeteswitha
18
localguy,“BromBones,”forthehandof18yearoldKatrinaVanTassel,abeautifuldaugh
terofalocalwealthyfarmer.
Afteratendingapartyheldatthegirl’shomeonenight,heispursuedbytheHead
lessHorseman,supposedlytheghostofaHessiantrooperwhoseheadwasshotofbyacan
nonbalduring"somenamelessbatle"oftheAmericanRevolutionWar.AfterthatIchabod
mysteriouslydisappearsfromthetown.
!!!" ;(236 G3.42-'3 #--K3' >?@DJ
?DC?E
1.LiteraryStatus:
ThefirstAmericanFrontiernovel
ThefirstAmericanSeanovel
ThefirstAmericanSpyNovel
ThefirstAmericanHistoricalNovel
LeatherstockingTales:theAmericanNationalEpic
2.Life:
LocalyfamousfamilyYaleUniversityat14fiveyearsatseabegantowriteaccidentaly
hisfirstnovelPrecautionhissecondnovelTheSpy(HarveyBirch)firmlyestablishedwithhis
TheLeatherstockingTales
3.Hismajorworks:
Precaution(1820)
TheSpy(1821)
“TheLeatherstockingTales”includes
ThePioneers(1823)
TheLastoftheMohicans(1826)
ThePrairie(1827)
ThePathfinder(1840)
TheDeerslayer(1841)
4.HisMasterpieces:
A.TheLeatherstockingTales:eachfeaturingthemainheroNatyBumppo,knownby
Europeansetlersas"Leatherstocking,"'ThePathfinder",and"thetrapper"andbytheN
ativeAmericansas"Deerslayer,""LaLongueCarabine"and"Hawkeye".
19
B.NatyBumppofirstappearstobearealfrontieersmaninhiscrubecabin,amanof
fleshandbloodinthevirginforestsofNorthAmerica.ButashemovesoutofThePioneersin
totheworldofTheLastoftheMohicans,ThePrairie,ThePathfinder,andTheDeerslayer,
hedoessogatheringmoreandmoreofahaloofalegendaryandmythicnaturearoundhim.
Hebecomesatype,arepresentationofanationstrugglingtobeborn,progressingfrom
oldagetorebirthandyouth.
4.HisMasterpieces:
C.ThefiveCoopertalesconstituteamythicreproductionofthewholeprocess:theold
anddyingLeatherstockinginThePioneersandThePrairierelivesantherphaseofmiddleage
maturityinTheLastoftheMohicansandThePathfinderandenjoysanotherleaseofyouthin
TheDeerslayer.
D.Bumppo’sgrowthandprogressembodiesnoneotherthantheAmericanquestforani
dealcommunity;throughthischaracterCoopertriedtocreateanationalmythofhisown.
5.WritingFeatures:
A.Plotconstruction:Cooperwasgoodatinventingplotswhicharesometimesincredible,
buthisstoriesarequiteintriguing.
B.Landscapedescription:Hislandscapedescriptionsaremajesticandsuggestiveofthe
legendaryspiritofScot’sbordertales.
C.Arichimagination:HavingneverbeentothefrontierandamongtheIndiansandyet
stilabletowritefivehugeepicbooksaboutthemwithhisrichimagination.Freefrominjus
tice,hetreatedtheAmericanIndiansasnoblesavages.
D.Clumsystyle:hisstyleisdreadful;hischaracterizationseemswoodenandlackingin
probability.
6.HisContribution
a.Cooperhituponthenativesubjectoffrontierandwilderness.
b.Hecontributeddiferentsubgenresofnovels:spynovel,seanovel,frontiernovel,
andhistoricalromance.
c.HecreatedthefirstlegendaryfrontierheroNatyBumppoasthetypicalPioneeringfig
ure.
d.HeintroducedtheWestandthefrontierasausablepastintoAmericanliterature,thus
usheringintheWesterntraditionintoAmericanworldofleters.
20
第四章
I.NewEnglandTranscendentalism
(When?Where?Who?What?How?)
I.RalphWaldoEmerson
(hismajorworks,hismajorideas)
II.HenryDavidThoreau
(hismajorworks,hismajorideas)
!" L3= <.,%(./ 7'(.6*3./3.&(%462 >?DBM
?DCCE
1.Time:18361855:In1836,NaturebyRalphWaldoEmersonwaspublished,making
atremendousimpactontheintelectuallifeofAmerica.
anewvoiceituteredandawholenewwayofthinking
pushingAmericanRomanticismintothephaseofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,the
summitofAmericanRomanticism.
2.Essence:“Transcendentalismisidealism”
3.Background:SomeNewEnglandersnotquitehappyaboutthematerialisticorientedlife
oftheirtimeformedtheTranscendentalistclub,andmettodiscussmatersofinteresttothe
lifeofthenationasawhole.Theyexpressedtheirviews,publishedtheirjournal,theDial,
andmadetheirvoiceheard.
4.Representativefigures:some30peoplesuchasEmerson,Thoreau,BronsonAlcot,
andMargaretFuler,mostofthemteachersorclergymen
5.MajorFeatures:
A.Emphasisonspirit,orOversoulomnipresent,omniscient,omnipotent
B.theindividualasthemostimportantelementofsociety
Theregenerationofthesocietycouldonlycomeaboutthroughtheregenerationoftheindi
21
vidual:selfperfection,selfculture,selfimprovement,selfreliance
C.NatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod
Naturewasnotpurelymater.ItwasthegarmentoftheOversoul.
6.TheproductofacombinationofforeigninfluencesandtheAmericanPuritantradition.
Germanphilosophy:Scheling,Fichte,Kant
FrenchEclecticism:Cousin,Colard,Gerando,Joufroy
Englishcritics:ThomasCarlyle’sSartorResartusColeridge'sAidstoReflection
Orientalmysticism:Hinduworks
Upanishads(奥义书)
BhagavadGita(薄伽梵歌)
ChineseConfuciusandMencius
NewEnglandTranscendentalism Emerson
I.RalphWaldoEmerson(18031882)
1.LiteraryStatus:
“FatherofAmericanEssay”,TheConcordSageEssayist,poet,philosopher,orator,
criticLeaderandspokesmanofTranscendentalism
2.Life:
MassachusetsalineofNewEnglandclergymenHarvardColegerejectingCalvinistte
netsUnitarianismrunaschoolforyoungladiesabandonaUnitarianministertourinEurope
returntoAmericapromulgatingTranscendentalism
BostonLatinSchoolwhereEmersongothisearlyeducation
HarvardUniversity
HarvardUniversityFreshmen'sdormitory
Emerson'sManse
ChapterFourRalphWaldoEmerson
3.Hisphilosophicalideas
22
A.firmbeliefinthetranscendenceoftheOversoul
B.theindividualasthemostimportant.(theinfinitudeofman)
C.NatureisemblematicofGod,mediatingbetweenmanandGod
4.Aesthetics:(“ThePoet”“TheAmericanScholar”)
A.Emerson’spoetisnoordinaryperson
Apoetisalsoaphilosopher(acomplete,eternalmantoseeintothedeepsofinfinite
time)
B.Truepoetryandtrueartshouldennoble.(moralpurificationapassagetowardorganic
unityandhigherreality)
C.Theargumentofthepoetshoulddecidetheformofthepoem.
D.Thepoetshouldusesymbolswhichareuniversalthings.
E.AmericanwritersshouldcelebrateAmericawhichwasalongpoemitself.
5.Hismajorworks:
A.Colections
Poems(1847);RepresentativeMen(50);EnglishTraits(56)
TheConductofLife(60);SocietyandSolitude(70)
B.Essays
“SelfReliance”“TheOverSoul”“ThePoet”“Experience”
Nature
(theBibleoftheNewEnglandTranscendentalism)
“TheAmericanScholar”
(IntelectualDeclarationofIndependence)
C.Poems
"ConcordHymn"and"TheRhodora"
ChapterFourHenryDavidThoreau
!!!" N3.': O(I4/ 78-'3($ >?D?@
?DMPE
1.LiteraryStatus:
TheProphetofNonViolenceMovement
AdvocateofNewEnglandTranscendentalism
Americannaturalist,transcendentalist,taxresister,developmentcriticandphilosopher
23
2.Life:
pencilmaker’sfamilyHarvardfriendshipwithEmersontripontheConcordandMer
rimackRiversin1839acabinonWaldenPondandmovedinonJuly4andlivedthereforover
2yearssince1845anightinjailforapoltaxof$2
3.MajorWorks:
“CivilDisobedience”(1849)
AWeekontheConcordandMerimackRivers(1849)
Walden(1854)
4.Walden,Thoreau’sMasterpiece
A.agreatTranscendentalistworkandThoreau’smasterpiece
B.afaithfulrecordofhisreflectionsinsolitarycommunionwithnature(thepantheistic
qualityofnature)
C.abookonselfcultureandselfperfection;abookaboutman,whatheisandwhathe
shouldbeandmustbe.
D.prophetofindividualism
E.acriticof“degradingandenslaving”moderncivilization“Civilizedmanistheslave
ofmater”
“Simplicity,Simplify”
!
apanaceaforthefatalmoderncrazeformonetarysuccess(
modernmechanizationandcommercialization)
F.Impatientwiththeoverstressontheexternaldevelopmentofhumanbeingssuchas
railroad,telegraph
G.RegenerationbecameamajorthematicconcernofWaldenanddecidedthestructural
framework:Waldenunfoldsinasingleyear,andprogressesthroughsummerandautumnto
winter,andfinalytoaclimaxintherenascenceofspring.
H.WaldenexhibitsThoreau’scalmtrustinthefutureandhisardentbeliefinanewgen
erationofmen.Thebookconcludesonaclearnoteofoptimismandhope.
5.MenofthelikeMind
ThomasCarlyle(17951881);JohnRuskin(18191900)
MathewArnold(18221888);SorenAabyeKierkegaard(18131855)
24
第五章
NathanielHawthorne(18041864)
!" 94&3'(': Q&(&$6
GreatestRomancewriter
Pioneeringpsychologicalnovelist
Moralnovelist
!!" 94R3
1804,July4,inSalem,Massachusets,aPuritanfamily
Ancestors’roleintheSalemWitchcraftTrialin1692
BowdoinColegereadwidelywritingtalesandnovels
SalemCustomHousewhereHawthorneworked
NathanielHawthorne(18041864)
!!!" S(F-' H-'+6
Shortstorycolection:
TwiceToldTales(1837)
MosesfromanOldManse(1846)
25
Romances:
TheScarletLeter(1850)
TheHouseoftheSevenGables(1851)
TheBlithedaleRomance(1852)
TheMarbleFaun(1860)
!T" N(=&8-'.3
’
6 )%(*+ T464-. -R 94R3
Hawthorneseemstobehauntedbyhissenseofsinandevilinlife.Mostofhisworksdeal
withevilonewayoranother.
A.Evilexistsinthehumanheart(“EarthyHolocaust”)
B.Everyonepossessessomeevilsecret(“YoungGoodmanBrown”)
C.Everyoneseemstocoveruphisinnermostevil(“TheMinister’sBlackVeil”)
D.Evilseemstobeman’sbirthmark.
E.Evilcomesoutofevilthoughitmaytakemanygenerations
F.Onesourceofevilisoverweeningintelect.Hawthorne’sintelectualcharactersareu
sualyvilains,dreadfulbecausedevoidoffelowfeelings.
(Holingsworth,Chilingworth,Dr.RappacciniHawthorne’snegativeatitudetoward
science).
V.Hawthorneandhisromance
RomanceisinHawthorne’smindthepredestinedformofAmericannarative.
VI.TheanalysisofhismasterpieceTheScarletLeter
1.StoryandPlot:anEnglishscholarChilingworthhiswifeHesterPrynneyoungand
promisingpriestArthurDimmesdalePearl
2.Theme:
A.RomanticorPuritan?loveorsin?moralorimmoral?
B.theadaptationofAmericanRomanticismtoAmericanPuritanmoralismtheloadofdi
dacticismthedesiretoelevate
C.Hawthorne’spredominantconcernwasthemoral,emotional,andpsychologicalefect
ofthesinonthepeopleingeneral
3.Theanalysisofthecharacters
A.HesterPrynne:NotapraiseofHesterPrynnesinning,butahymnonthemoral
26
growthofthewomanwhensinnedagainst.
Acquiringarealsignificancewhilereestablishingameaningfulrelationshipwithherfel
lowmen.
Symbolicofhermoraldevelopmentisthechangewhichthescarletleterundergoesin
meaning.A“Adultery”“Able”,“Angel”(“Adamic”theoriginalsinor“America”)
B.ArthurDimmesdalebanisheshimselffromthesocietyandlivesastrangeramonghis
admirers.Heundergoesthetragicexperienceofphysicalandspiritualdisintegration.
C.RogerChilingworth,therealvilainembodingpureintelect,whocommits“theun
pardonablesin”(theviolationofheart)
4.Structuralfeatures
The24chaptersofTheScarletLeterarecloselyknitedtogetherbymeansofthescafold
sceneswhichappear3times,almostsymmetricaly,inthebeginning,inthemiddle,andthe
endofthebook,eachtimebringingthefourmajorcharacters(Hester,Dimmesdale,Chiling
worth,andPearl)together.ChaptersII,XIandXVIIserveasthepropsholdingupthe
frameofthenovel.
5.Psychologicalcomplexities
Althemajorcharactershavecomplexpsychologies;thereisasemblanceofinteriormon
ologueswhichrevealtheirstatesofmind.
6.Ambiguity
OnesalientfeatureofHawthorne’sartishisambiguity,ofwhichthetechniqueofmulti
pleviewemployedinthebook.
T!!" N(=&8-'.3
’
6 Q:2U-%462
(TheScarletLeter)thenamesofthecharacters,Dimmesdale,Chilingworth,litle
Pearl,theflowerattheprisondoor,etc.
(TheHouseoftheSevenGables)thehouse,theriseandfalofthefamilyfortune,the
chickensdwindlinginsize,thelovebetweenthetwoyoungpeople
(“TheYoungGoodmanBrown”)nightlyjourneytheinnerurgeoftheyoungtogrowup
andgetinitiatedintotheadultworldthemurkinessofnightengendersasenseofuncertainty
andfearthegrownupsituationFaithyoungGoodmanBrown(Everyman)
T!!!" N(=&8-'.3
’
6 4.R%$3.*3
HermanMelvileHenryJamesHemingwayWiliamFaulkner...
27
StatueinSalem,Massechussets
SleepyHolowCemetryinConcord,Massechussets
HermanMelvile(18191891)
!" 94&3'(': Q&(&$6
seanovelists,cannibalnovels,etc.
!!" 94R3 (./ #('33'
Litleeducationbegantoworkearly
bankclerk,salesman,afarmhand,schoolteacher
A.Goingouttosea
B.hismariage
C.friendshipwithHawthorne(1850)
!!!" N46 T43= -R &83 H-'%/
Tragichumanism
!T" N46 2(F-' =-'+60
Hisnovels:
Typee(1846);Omoo(47);Mardi(1849);Redburn(1849);WhiteJacket(1850)
MobyDick(1851)
Piere(1852);ConfidenceMan(1857)
BilyBudd(unfinished)
28
Hispoeticwork:Clarel
Hisshortstories:“Bartleby”,“BenitoCereno”
T" N46 2(6&3'K43*30 S-U: O4*+
1.Essence:
a.HermanMelvile’smasterpieceisMobyDick,oneoftheworld’sgreatestmasterpiec
es.
b.Togettoknowthe19thcenturyAmericanmindandAmericaitself,onehastoread
thisbook.
c.Itisanencyclopediaofeverything,history,philosophy,religion,etc.inadditiontoa
detailedaccountoftheoperationsofthewhalingindustry.
d.ButitisfirstaShakespearetragedyofmanfightingagainstoverwhelmingoddsinan
indiferentandevenhostileuniverse.
2.Content:
Ishmael,Pequod,Ahab,MobyDick
3.Idea:hisbleakviewoftheworld
TheworldisatonceGodlessandpurposeless.
Maninthisuniverselivesameaninglessandfutilelife,meaninglessbecausefutile.
Mancanobserveandmanipulatenatureinaprudentway,andheisatthemercy
ofnature.
Mancannotinfluenceandovercomenatureatitssource.Onceheatemptstoseekpower
overnature,heisdoomed.
Theideathatmancanmaketheworldforhimselfisnothingbutatranscendentalistfoly.
Melvileneverseemsabletosayanafirmativeyestolife:hisistheatitudeof“Everlast
ingNay”.
ThelosoffaithandthesenseoffutilityandmeaninglesneswereexpressedinMelvile’
sworks.
4.Themesandsubjects:
A.Alienation:ondiferentlevels,betweenmanandman,manandsociety,andman
andnature.(e.g.Ahab)
B.criticismagainstEmersonianselfreliantindividual:
29
Ahabistoomuchofaselfreliantindividualtobeagoodhumanbeing.Hestandsalone
onhisownonelegamongthemilionsofthepeopledearth.Forhimtheonlylawishisown
wil.Hisselfhoodmustbeassertedattheexpenseofalelse.
C.RejectionandQuest:
IshmaelresembleshisnamesakeintheBibleinthatheisawanderer.Rejectinghisearlyli
festyle,hetriedtoseekforahappyandideallife.Hebeginstofeelthesignificanceofloveand
fraternityamongmortalbeings.VoyagingforIshmaelhasbecomeajourneyinquestofknowl
edgeandvalues.
5.SymbolisminthenovelMobyDick
A.thevoyageitselfisametaphorfor“searchanddiscovery,thesearchfortheultimate
truthofexperience.”
B.thePequodistheshipoftheAmericansoulandconsciousness.
C.MobyDickisasymbolofeviltosome,ofgoodnesstoothers,andofbothtostiloth
ers.
D.ThewhitenessofMobyDickisaparadoxicalcolor,signifyingdeathandcoruptionas
welaspurity,innocenceandyouth;itrepresentsthefinalmysteryoftheuniverse.
6.Themultipleviewofpoint:
Chapter36,awardofadoublonanddiferentresponsesofdiferentmenTashtego(theA
mericanIndian),Daggoo(theAfricanAmericangiant),Queequeg(thePolynesian)—Star
buck
7.TherevivalofMelvile
Adedicatedartist
Therewas,tobesure,agreatdealofAhabinhim.
“Ihavewritenawickedbook”
Borninthe19thcentury,Melviledidnotreceiverecognitionuntilthe20thcentury.
Inthe1920s,aColumbiascholar,G.M.Weaver,didsolidworkinrevivinghim.
30
第六章
WhitmanandDickinson
———RomanticPoetry
WhitmanandDickinson
Similarities:BothofthemweredistinctivelyAmericanpoetsinthemeandtechnique.
BothofthemwerepartofAmericanRenaissance.
A.Themes:bothextoledintheirdiferentways,anemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,its
individualism,anditsAmericanness.
B.Techniques:breakingfreeofthepoetictraditionandpioneeringAmericanmodernist
poetrywiththeirpoeticinnovation.
Diferences:
A.WhitmankepthiseyeonsocietyatlargewhileDickinsonexploredtheinnerlifeofthe
selfandindividual.
B.WhereasWhitmanisnationalinhisoutlook,Dickinsonisregional.
C.Informalterms,Whitmanischaracterizedbyhisendless,alinclusivecatalogswhile
Dickinsonbyherconcise,direct,andsimpledictionandsyntax.
!" H(%& H84&2(. >?D?J
?DJPE
1.LiteraryStatus
FatherofAmericanPoetry
PrecursorofModernAmericanPoetry
FatherofAmericanFreeVerse
CelebrantofAmericaasaPoem
2.Life
31
WorkingclassbackgroundonLongIsland,NewYork
Fiveyearsofschooling,loafingandreading
Richlifeexperience:oficeboy,carpenter,schoolmaster,printer,editor(of8succes
sivepapers),andjournalist
3.ThePublicationofLeavesofGrassWhitman’shislifetimeliteraryendeavor
A.Itfirsteditionof12poemsin1855
!
brokewiththepoeticconvention
!
sexualityandexoticandvulgarlanguage
harshcriticismsonit:“noxiousweeds”,
“poetryofbarbarism”,“amassofstupidfilth”
B.Nineeditionsinal
(1855,56,60,67,71,76,81,89,9192)
Begantobecelebratedwiththefifthedition
C.Hisdeathbededitioncontainingalofhis400oddpoems
4.Hisideas:
“acatalogandgreatacceptor”
A.Enlightenment,humanitarianismandcosmopolitanism
B.IdealismandTranscendentalism
C.GermanphilosophyandNewtonianpantheism
D.JacksonianlaissezfaireindividualismandCivilWarUnionism
E.EmersonandWhitman
Emerson’sleterofpraiseofthefirstedition
“themostextraordinarypieceofwitandwisdomthatanAmericanhasyetcontributed”
Whitman:“dearMaster,”“Iwassimmering,simmering,simmering,Emersonbrought
metoaboil”
HesharedmanysimilarideaswithEmerson:
Americaitselfwasapoem;thegreatestpoetisaseer,completeinhimself.(P.90)
32
5.Whitman’sPoeticExperimentation
Adaringexperimentalistwho“brokethenewwood”;acompletebreakwithtraditional
poetics.
Features:
A.paralelismorrhythmicalunit(theBible)
B.phoneticrecurence
(systematicrepetitionofwordsandphrases)
C.hislongcatalogsoflines,hispilingupofnouns,verbs,oradjectives,
Whitmanbrokefreefromthetraditionaliambipentameterandwrote“freeverse”.
6.Masterpieces:
“SongofMyself”
“TherewasaChildWentForth”
“InCrossingBrooklynBridge”
“OutoftheCradleEndlesslyRocking”(p.93)
“WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloomed”(p.94)
7.Whitman’sInfluence
HisbestworkhasbecomepartofthecommonpropertyofWesternculture.
ManypoetsinEngland,France,Italy,andLatinAmericaareinhisdebt,esp.byhis
optimismandinnovationasapoetprophetandpoetteacher.
T.S.Eliot,Pound,HartCrane,CarlSandburg
WaltWhitman’sPoetry
SongofMyself
Icelebratemyself,andsingmyself,
36
Wetwotogethernomore.
Theariasinking,…
Theboyecstatic,withhisbarefeetthewaves,withhishairtheatmospheredalying,
Theloveintheheartlongpent,nowloose,nowatlasttumultuouslybursting,
Thearia’smeaning,theears,thesoul,swiftlydepositing,
Thestrangetearsdownthecheekscoursing,
Thecoloquythere,thetrio,eachutering,
Theundertone,thesavagemotherincessantlycrying,
Totheboy’ssoul’squestionssulenlytiming,somedrown’dsecrethissing,
Totheoutsetingbard.
!!" <24%: O4*+4.6-. >?DBA
?DDME
1.Literarystatus
Asecludedpoetess
“Mother”ofAmericanPoetryandAmericanModernPoetry
2.Life
aCalvinistfamily
Herfather,aWhiglawyerandtreasurerofAmherstColege
ReadwidelysuchastheBible,Shakespeare,Keats
Beganwritingseriouslyinhertwenties
1775poemsaltogether,7publishedinherlife
3.HerIdeas
Calvinism;Tragicinbasictone
Deathleadstoimmortality.
Doubt;thelossoffaithandthereligiousuncertainty
4.Themes:life,death,immortality,love,nature
5.Analysisofhermasterpieces
“MyLifeClosedTwicebeforeitsClose”(p.98)
“WildNightsWildNights”(p.99)
“BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath”
“IheardaflybuzzwhenIdied”(p.99)
37
“ANarowFelowintheGrass”
EmilyDickinson’sPoem:
WildNightsWildNights!
WildNightsWildNights!
WereIwiththee
WildNightsshouldbe
OurLuxury!
FutiletheWinds
ToaHeartinport
DonewiththeCompass
DonewiththeChart!
RowinginEden
Ah,theSea!
MightIbutmoorTonight
InThee!
465(IheardaFlybuzzwhenIdied)
IheardaFlybuzzwhenIdied
TheStilnessintheRooms
WasliketheStilnessintheAir
BetweentheHeavesofStorm
TheEyesaroundhadwrungthemdry
AndBreathsweregatheringfirm
38
ForthatlastOnsetwhentheKing
BewitnessedintheRoom
IwiledmyKeepsakesSignedaway
Whatportionofmebe
Assignableandthenitwas
ThereinterposedaFly
WithBlueuncertainstumblingBuzz
Betweenthelightandme
AndthentheWindowsfailedandthen
Icouldnotseetosee
6.Dickinson’sAesthetics
Sheholdsthatbeauty,truthandgoodnessareultimatelyone.
7.Herpoeticinnovation
A.Shebrokefreeoftheconventionaliambicpentameter
B.Sheexploredtheinnerlifeoftheindividual
C.Shewasregional(NewEnglander)
D.Shewasidiosyncraticinherfrequentuseofdashesanduniqueuseofcapitals.
E.herconcise,direct,andsimpledictionandsyntax
39
第七章
EdgarAlanPoe(18091849)
!" 94&3'(': Q&(&$6
PioneerofAmericanHororTales
PioneerofAmericanDetectiveTales
PioneerofAmericanSouthernwritings
PioneerofAmericanPsychoAnalyticfiction
Editor,PoetandProfessionalliterarycritic
I.LifeandCareer
Borninanactress’sfamilyhisparentsdied
!
adoptedbyarichbusinessmanJohnAl
lantheVirginiaUniversityWestPointeditorofmagazinessuchasTheSouthernLiteraryMes
senger,etc.
at27hemariedhis13yearoldcousinVirginiawhodiedveryyoungin1947
40
!!!" ,(' 1%%(. 5-3
’
6 H-'+6
Tales
"TheBlackCat"
"TheCaskofAmontilado"
"TheFaloftheHouseofUsher"
"Ligeia"
"TheMasqueoftheRedDeath"
"TheMurdersintheRueMorgue"
"ThePurloinedLeter"
"TheTelTaleHeart"
Poetry
"ADreamWithinADream"
"AnnabelLee"
"TheBels"
"Lenore"
"TheRaven"
Otherworks
TheNarativeofArthurGordonPymofNantucket(1838)
"ThePhilosophyofComposition"(1846)Esay
Ⅳ"#-.&'-I3'64(% #-223.&6 -. 5-3
ProbablythemostcontroversialandmostmisunderstoodReasons:
HisscathingcriticismsandRufusGriswold’ssulyingPoe’sreputation
Negativecomments
Emerson(“jingleman”);MarkTwain(Poe’sunreadable)
HenryJames“enthusiasmforPoeisthemarkofadecidedlyprimitivestateofdevelop
ment”
Positivecomments
A.T.S.Eliot(“acriticofthefirstrank”),YvorWinters,Swinburne,BernardShaw,
D.H.Lawrence,W.H.Auden
B. Baudelaire,Malame,Valery;MarieBonaparte’sbiography
41
T" 5-3 (6 ( %4&3'(': *'4&4* >846 (36&83&4*6E
1.Aestheticwritings:
“ThePhilosophyofComposition”“ThePoeticPrinciple”
2.Aestheticideas:
A.Brevity:thepoemshouldbeshort,readableatonesiting
B.Beauty:beauty,afeelingofbeautyinthemindsofthereader(Themelancholy—the
deathofabeautifulwomanasthemostpoetictopicintheworld.)
C.Purity:purepoetry.
artliesnotsomuchinwhatisbeingsaidasinthewayitsaysit.
hestressesrhythm,definestruepoetryas“therhythmicalcreationofbeauty”andde
claresthat“musicistheperfectionofthesoul,orideas,ofpoetry.”
hisownpoem“TheRaven”(108lines)showshisaesthetics:asenseofmelancholyo
verthedeathofabelovedbeautifulyoungwomanpervadesthewholepoem.
TheRaven
Onceuponamidnightdreary,whileIpondered,weakandweary,
Overmanyaquaintandcuriousvolumeofforgotenlore,
WhileInodded,nearlynapping,suddenlytherecameatapping,
Asofsomeonegentlyrapping,rappingatmychamberdoor.
“’Tissomevisitor,”Imutered,“tappingatmychamberdoor
Onlythis,andnothingmore.”
Ah,distinctlyIrememberitwasinthebleakDecember,
Andeachseparatedyingemberwroughtitsghostuponthefloor.
42
EagerlyIwishedthemorow;vainlyIhadtriedtoborow
FrommybookssurceaseofsorowsorowforthelostLenore
FortherareandradiantmaidenwhomtheangelsnameLenore
Namelesshereforevermore.
Andthesilkensaduncertainrustlingofeachpurplecurtain
Thriledmefiledmewithfantasticterorsneverfeltbefore;
Sothatnow,tostilthebeatingofmyheart,Istoodrepeating
“’Tissomevisitorentreatingentranceatmychamberdoor
Somelatevisitorentreatingentranceatmychamberdoor;
Thisitisandnothingmore.”
Presentlymysoulgrewstronger;hesitatingthennolonger,“Sir,”saidI,"orMadam,
trulyyourforgivenessIimplore;ButthefactisIwasnapping,andsogentlyyoucamerap
ping,Andsofaintlyyoucametapping,tappingatmychamberdoor,ThatIscarcewassureI
heardyou”
!
hereIopenedwidethedoor;—
Darknessthere,andnothingmore.
Deepintothatdarknesspeering,longIstoodtherewondering,fearing,
Doubting,dreamingdreamsnomortaleverdaredtodreambefore;
Butthesilencewasunbroken,andthedarknessgavenotoken,
Andtheonlywordtherespokenwasthewhisperedword,“Lenore!”
ThisIwhispered,andanechomurmuredbacktheword,“Lenore!”
Merelythis,andnothingmore.
Thenintothechamberturning,almysoulwithinmeburning,
SoonIheardagainatappingsomewhatlouderthanbeore.
“Surely,”saidI,“surelythatissomethingatmywindowlatice;
Letmesee,then,whatthereatis,andthismysteryexplore
Letmyheartbestilamomentandthismysteryexplore;
‘Tisthewind,andnothingmore!”
OpenhereIflungtheshuter,when,withmanyaflirtandfluter,
Intheresteppedastatelyravenofthesaintlydaysofyore;
Nottheleastobeisancemadehe;notaninstantstoppedorstayedhe;
But,withmienoflordorlady,perchedabovemychamberdoor
43
PercheduponabustofPalasjustabovemychamberdoor
Perched,andsat,andnothingmore.
Thenthisebonybirdbeguilingmysadfancyintosmiling,
Bythegraveandsterndecorumofthecountenanceitwore,“Thoughthycrestbeshorn
andshaven,thou,”Isaid,“artsurenocraven,
GhastlygrimandancientravenwanderingfromtheNightlyshore
TelmewhatthylordlynameisontheNight’sPlutonianshore!”
Quoththeraven,“Nevermore.”
MuchImarveledthisungainlyfowltoheardiscoursesoplainly,
Thoughitsanswerlitlemeaninglitlerelevancybore;
Forwecannothelpagreeingthatnosublunarybeing
Everyetwasblessedwithseeingbirdabovehischamberdoor
Birdorbeastuponthesculpturedbustabovehischamberdoor,
Withsuchnameas“Nevermore.”
T!" 5-3 (6 ( 5-3&
HisPoetry
“ADreamWithinADream”
“AnnabelLee”“TheBels”
"Lenore"
“SonnetToScience”
"TheRaven""Ulalume"
“Israfel”
T!!" 5-3 (6 ( 68-'& 6&-': ='4&3'
1.Histheoriesofshortstorywritings
A.Brevity:asshortastobereadatonesiting,soastoensurethetotalityofimpres
sion.
B.ASingleEfecttheaimoftheshortstory
2.Hisshortstorycreation:
Twocategories:thehorortalesandthedetectivetales
Horortales:
44
“TheFaloftheHouseofUsher”
“Ligeia”“TheMasqueoftheRedDeath”
Detectivetales:
“TheBlackCat”“TheCaskofAmontilado”“TheMurdersintheRueMorgue”“The
PurloinedLeter”“TheTelTaleHeart”
T!!!" 5-3
’
6 H'4&4., G3(&$'36
1.Poewasafascinatingmanofimagination.
2.Intheme,Poeanticipated20thcenturyliteratureinhistreatmentofthedisintegration
oftheselfinaworldofnothingnessandnada.
3.Poewassensitivetothepressureofaworldreignedbyscienceandreason:“thereis
neitherjoy,norlove,norlight,norcertitude,norpeace,norhelpfrompain.”
4.BaudelairefirstnoticedPoe’spsychologicalcontentandregardedPoeas“awriterof
nerves;whatinterestsPoemostisthedeepabyssoftheunconsciousandsubconsciousmental
activityofthepeople.
5.Poeassumedthateverymindishalfmadorcapableofslippingintoinsanity.Asare
sultofthis,hisfictionalcharactersaremostlyneurotics.
6.Poe’sheroesaremostly“isolatoes”,withnosenseofidentity,nonameseven,alien
ationfromsociety.
7.Afulrationalandintuitivemanimmenselyinterestedindeductionandinduction.He
wrotehalfadozendetectivestoriesontheratiocinativebasis.
151
RobertPennWaren(190589)(NewCriticism)
AltheKing’sMen(46);
TrumanCapote(192484)
OtherVoices,OtherRooms(48);InColdBlood(66)
WiliamStyron(1925)
TheConfesionsofNatTurner(67);Sophie’sChoice(79)
FlanneryO’Cannor(192564)
Novels:WiseBlood(52)
Colections:AGoodManisHardtoFind(55);
WiliamClarkStyron,Jr.(19252006)
AnoutstandingAmericannovelistandessayist
HisNovels:
LieDowninDarknes(1951)
hisacclaimedfirstnovel
TheConfesionsofNatTurner(1967)
naratedbyNatTurner,theleaderofan1831Virginiaslaverevolt
Sophie'sChoice(1979)
astorytoldthroughtheeyesofayoungaspiringwriterfromtheSouth,aboutaPolish
CatholicsurvivorofAuschwitzandherbriliantbuttroubledJewishloverinpostwarBrooklyn.
TheConfessionsofNatTurner(1967)
A1967PulitzerPrizewinningnovel
PresentedasafirstpersonnarativebyhistoricalfigureNatTurner,itconcernstheslave
revoltinVirginiain1831.
ItisbasedonTheConfessionsofNatTurner:TheLeaderoftheLateInsurectionin
Southampton,Virginia,afirsthandaccountofTurner'sconfessionspublishedbyalocallaw
yer,ThomasRufinGray,in1831.
4.NovelsAgainstCulturalNorm
J.D.Salinger(1919)
TheCatcherintheRye(51);
FannyandZooey(61);
WiliamBuroughs(1914)
152
BeatNovels:Junky(1953);NakedLunch(1959)
JackKerouac(192269)
OntheRoad(57);
TheDharmaBums(58);
4.1J.D.Salinger(19192010)
BornonJanuary1,1919,inNewYorkCity
Aliterarygiantdespitehisslimbodyofworkandreclusivelifestyle
Hislandmarknovel,TheCatcherintheRye,setanewcourseforliteratureinpost
WWIAmericaandvaultedSalingertotheheightsofliteraryfame.
In1953,SalingermovedfromNYCandledasecludedlife,onlypublishingonenewsto
rybeforehisdeath.
J.D.SalingerandTheCatcherintheRye(1951)
TheCatcherintheRyerelatesthepainfulstoryofahighschoolboygrowingupinthe
worldofdecadentNewYork.Thenoveldepictsanadolescent’sdisgustanddespairatthecor
ruptedadultworldaroundhim.Itisaworldofjerks(idiots)andperverts,withdecadenceas
itssalientfeature.
HoldenCaulfieldisexpeledfromschoolbecauseofpooracademicrecords.Afraidto
meethisparents,hecheckshimselfintoahotel,butfindsthatitisfulofprostitutesandho
mosexuals.Verysoon,hehaslearnedthefactthattheworldofadultsisafalseonesuroun
dedbyjerksofalkinds.Hequarelswithoneofthemwhotriestocheathimoutofhispock
et,andisbeatenup.Theseconddayhemovesonslowly,sadandweary.Ameetingwitha
friendendswithanotherquarel.
Hegetsdrunkandfeelslonesomeanddepressed.Nightfals,hesneaksbackhometo
seehissister.Buthisparentscomebackhome,soheleaveshomesecretly,andgoestohis
formerteacher,onlytofindthatthemanisahomosexual.Heescapeshastilyfromtheteach
er’shome.Nowheisthinkingofgoingwestandspendingtherestofhislifethere.Hegoesto
saygoodbyetohissister.Butsheinsistsongoingwithhim.Thisunexpectedactoflovejostles
himoutofhisdreamandhisnightmarishthreedayadventureinNewYork.Hegoeshome,
falsil,andrecoversinamentalhome.Itistherethatherecountshissadstoryofgrowingup
inTheCatcherintherye.
Theimplicationofthetitle:
153
Realizingthatalkidslikehimareindangeroflosingtheirinnocence,hewishestobea
“catcherintherye”.
Whilemanychildrenareplayingsomegameinabigfieldofryenearaclif,hewouldtry
tocatcheveryoneiftheystarttogoovertheclif,thatis,tosavechildrenfromlosingtheirin
tegrityandgoodness.
Themes:maturation,escape,andquest
TheThemeofTheCatcherintheRye
Thethemeofmaturation
Thethemeofescape
(frommodernwasteland,thealienation,theadultandobscenesociety)
Thethemeofquest
(forselfidentity,formeaningfulcommunication,forloveandinnocence)
4.2The“Beat”novelistsinthe1950s
JackKerouac:OntheRoad(1957)
WiliamS.Buroughs:NakedLunch(1959)
5.ExperimentalNovels
JohnBarth(1930)
TheFloatingOpera(56);TheSotWeedFactor(60);LostintheFunhouse(68)
DonaldBarthelme(193189)
SnowWhite(67)
JosephHeler(1923)
Catch22(1961);
ThomasPynchon(1937)
V(63);TheCryingofLot49(66);Gravity’sRainbow(73);
KurtVonnegut(1923?)
SlaughterhouseFive(69);BreakfastofChampion(73)
VladimirNabokov(18991977)
Lolita(1955)
5.1JosephHelerandBlackHumor
Catcher22《第22条军规》
Itmarkedthebeginningofanewperiod,thatoftheabsurd.
154
ItprotestedagainsttheabsurdityofmodernAmericaasembodiedbythemilitarypower
structure.
IttakesplaceinaUnitedStatesAirForcebaseinwartimeItaly.Asarule,anypilotwho
hasfinished25missionscanreturnhome.Butbeingeagertobepromoted,ColonelCathcart
andKornincreaseitfrom25to40,eventualyto80.PilotYossarianrefusestoflymoreand
protestsagainstit.Ifhestays,hewilmaketroublefortheColonel,becauseotherswilfolow
him.SotheydecidetosendhimbacktoAmericaasahero,butthereisadeal:AfterYossari
anreturnshome,heissupposedtosaysomethingpositiveaboutthem.
Catch22isamilitaryrule:Althebomberpilotsareafraidofflyingbombingmissions
andwishedtobegroundedandescapedeath.Alapilothastodoistoasktobegrounded.
Butassoonashestartsasking,heisnolongerconsideredcrazyandmustflymorebombing
missions.ThisisthesimplelogicofCatch22.(more:Ifheagreestofly,hemustbecrazy.
Ifherefuses,hewilnotbeconsideredcrazy,andmustflyagain.)
TheabsurdityofAmericanbureaucraticcoruption,thechaosandcrazinessoftheAmeri
cansociety
TheAmericantroopasaminiatureofAmericansociety
Theoficersinthetroopareselfish,greedyandmoneyorienting.Thesuperiorsemploy
alkindsofmethodstoachievetheirpurposeevenatthepriceofotherpeople’slives.
Thesuferingsanddeathofordinarypeople
Theselfishnessoftherulingmilitaryclassisthebiternessanddeaththatarebroughtto
thecommonpeople.Whathahappenedtocommonpeoplemakestheworldseemchaotic,crazy
andgrotesque.
ThemesInvolved
TheAbsolutePowerofBureaucracy
LossofReligiousFaith
Theimpotenceoflanguage
TheInevitabilityofDeath
5.2ThomasPynchon(1937)
Hislife:
physicsatCornelUniversity atechnicalwriterfiction.
HisWorks:
157
RobertCoover(1932)
ThePublicBurning(77)
DonDeLilo(1936—)
EndZone(72);WhiteNoise(85);Libra(88);
6.1EdgarLawrenceDoctorow(1931)
AnAmericanauthorfamousforhisuniqueworksofhistoricalfiction
HisNovels:
(1960)WelcometoHardTimes
(1971)TheBookofDaniel
historicalfictionaboutJuliusandEthelRosenbergexecutedin1953forgivingnuclearse
cretstotheSovietUnion
(1975)Ragtime
(1980)LoonLake
(1985)World’sFair
(1989)BilyBathgate
(1994)TheWaterworks
DonDeLilo(1936)
Americanessayist,novelist,playwright,shortstorywriter
Hisworkshavecoveredsubjectsasdiverseastelevision,nuclearwar,sports,thecom
plexitiesoflanguage,performanceart,theColdWar,mathematics,theadventofthedigital
age,andglobalterorism.
WhiteNoise(1985),hisbreakthroughwork,broughthimwidespreadrecognition.
PEN/FaulknerAwardforMaoIin1992;thePEN/SaulBelowAwardforAchievement
inAmericanFictionin2010.
DeLilohasbeingconcernedwith"livingindangeroustimes",anddeclared,"Writers
mustopposesystems."
Hisnovels
Americana(1971)
EndZone(1972)
Ratner'sStar(1976)
Amazons(1980)
158
TheNames(1982)
WhiteNoise(1985)
Libra(1988)
MaoI(1991)
Underworld(1997)
TheBodyArtist(2001)
7.AfroAmericannovelists
A.RalphElison(191494):
InvisibleMan(52)
B.JamesBaldwin(19241987)
ToTelItontheMountain(53)
TheFireNextTime(63)
C.IsmaelReed(1938)
MumboJumbo(72):FlighttoCanada(76)
D.AliceWalker(1944)TheColorPurple(82)
E.ToniMorison(1931)
TheBluestEye(70);Beloved(87)
Herlife
Bornin1931inLorain,Ohio
hergrandfatherwasbornaslave;
herfamilylosttheirland
herfamilyhadtoworkintheminesoftheindustrializedNorth
B.A.inEnglishfromHowardUniversityin1953andM.A.fromCornelUniversity
in1955
TeachingatTexasSouthernUniv.andCornelUniversity
workingasaneditorinNewYorkinthe60s.
gotmariedin1958andgotdivorcedin1964
HerWritingCareer
beganherwritingcareerinthe60s
awardedtheNobelPrizeinliteraturein1993:
“ToniMorison,whoinnovelscharacterizedbyvisionaryforceandpoeticimport,gives
159
lifetoanessentialaspectofAmericanreaty.
19892006:atPrincetonUniversity
In2005,awardedasanhonoraryDoctorofLetersdegree.
PartI.HerMajorNovelsandAwards
Novels
1970 TheBluestEye
1973 Sula
1977 SongofSolomon
1981 TarBaby《柏油孩子》/《黑宝贝》
1988 Beloved《宠儿》/《娇女》/《蒙爱》
1992 Jaz
1993 Love
1999 Paradise
2008 AMercy
TheBluestEye(1970)
Morison'sfirstnovel,writenwhileteachingatHowardUniversityandraisinghertwo
sonsonherown
Itisaboutayearinthelifeofayoungblackgirl,namedPecola,whodevelopsaninferi
oritycomplexduetohereyeandskinappearancewithAmerica'sMidwestandtheyearsfolow
ingtheGreatDepressionasthebackdrop.
ItistoldfromtheperspectiveofClaudiaMacTeerasachildandanadult,aswelasfrom
athirdperson,omniscientviewpoint.
Theme:racism,incest,andchildmolestation
SongofSolomon1977
SongofSolomonfolowsthelifeofMacon“Milkman”DeadII,anAfricanAmerican
malelivinginMichigan,frombirthtoadulthood.
ThisbookwontheNationalBooksCriticsAwardandwascitedbytheSwedishAcademy
inawardingMorisonthe1993NobelPrizeinliterature.
Themes:
FlightasaMeansofEscape
AbandonedWomen
160
TheAlienatingEfectsofRacism
Sula(1973)
Sulaportraystwoblackwomen,NelandSula,whochoosediferentpathsinlife.
Nelistheproductofafamilythatbelievesdeeplyinsocialconventions.
Sula'sfamilyisverydiferent:sheliveswithhergrandmother,Eva,andhermother,
Hannah,bothofwhomareseenbythetownaseccentricandloose.
Despitetheirdiferences,SulaandNelbecomefiercelyatachedtoeachotherduringado
lescence.
Afterhighschool,Nelchoosestomaryandsetlesintotheconventionalroleofwifeand
mother.Sulafolowsawildlydivergentpathandlivesalifeoffierceindependenceandtotal
disregardforsocialconventions.
TarBaby(1981)
ThisnovelportraysaloveafairbetweenJadineandSon,twoBlackAmericansfromvery
diferentworlds.
JadineisabeautifulSorbonnegraduateandfashionmodelwhohasbeensponsoredbythe
Streets,awealthywhitefamilywhoemployJadine'sauntanduncleasdomesticservants.
Sonisanimpoverished,strongmindedmanwhowashesupattheStreets’estateona
Caribbeanisland.
AsJadineandSoncometogether,theirafairrupturestheilusionsandselfdeceptions
thatheldtogethertheworldandrelationshipsattheestate.
Itrevealsthepain,struggle,andcompromisesconfrontingBlackAmericansseekingto
liveandlovewithintegrityintheUnitedStates.
Itisanovelaboutcontentionsandconflictsbasedonlearnedbiasesandprejudices.
Thesebiasesexistonaracelevel,genderlevel,andaclasslevel.
Beloved(1988)
Morison’sbestnovel,winningherthePulitzerPrizeforFiction
Sourceofthestory:
SetaftertheAmericanCivilWar,itisinspiredbythestoryofanAfricanAmerican
slave,MargaretGarner,whotemporarilyescapedslaveryduring1856inKentuckybyfleeing
toOhio,afreestate.ApossearivedtoretrieveherandherchildrenundertheFugitiveSlave
Actof1850,whichgaveslaveownerstherighttopursueslavesacrossstateborders.Margaret
161
kiledhertwoyearolddaughterratherthanalowhertoberecaptured.
Plotofthestory:
Beloved'smaincharacter,Sethe,kilsherdaughterandtriestokilherotherthreechil
drenwhenapossearivesinOhiotoreturnthemtoSweetHome,theplantationinKentucky
fromwhichSetherecentlyfled.Awomanpresumedtobeherdaughter,caledBeloved,re
turnsyearslatertohauntSethe'shomeat124BluestoneRoad,Cincinnati.Thestoryopens
withanintroductiontotheghost:“124wasspiteful.Fulofababy'svenom.”
Responses:
ThenovelwonthePulitzerPrizeforFictionin1988(1998intoamovie).During2006a
NewYorkTimessurveyofwritersandliterarycriticsrankeditasthebestworkofAmerican
fictionofthepast25years.
Themes
Motherdaughterrelationships
ThematernalbondsbetweenSetheandherchildreninhibitherownindividuationandpre
ventthedevelopmentofherself.Sethedevelopsadangerousmaternalpassionthatresultsin
themurderofonedaughter,herown“bestself,”andtheestrangementofthesurviving
daughterfromtheblackcommunity.
Psychologicalimpactofslavery
Becauseoftheexperiencesofslavery,mostslavesrepressedthesememoriesinanatempt
toforgetthepast.Thisrepressionanddissociationfromthepastcausesafragmentationofthe
selfandalossoftrueidentity.Sethe,PaulD.andDenveralexperiencethislossofself,
whichcouldonlyberemediedbytheacceptanceofthepastandthememoryoftheiroriginali
dentities.
AwardsforToniMorrison
1977NationalBookCriticsCircleAward:SongofSolomon
1977AmericanAcademyandInstituteofArtsandLetersAward
1988AmericanBookAwardforBeloved
1988PulitzerPrizeforFictionforBeloved
1993NobelPrizeforLiterature
1994PearlBuckAward
2000NationalHumanitiesMedal
162
Writingfeatures
1.Magicrealism
2.Powerfulfictionalstyle
3.Provocativethemes
4.Sophisticatednarativetechniques
5.Poeticstyle
MagicRealism
Akindofthemodernfictioninwhichfabulousandfantasticaleventsareincludedina
narativethatotherwisemaintainsthe"reliable"toneofobjectiverealisticreport.
Fantasticatributesgiventocharactersinsuchnovelslevitation,flight,telepathy,teleki
nesisareamongthemeansthatmagicrealismadoptsinordertoencompasstheoftenphantas
magoricpoliticalrealitiesofthe20thcentury.
8.ChineseAmericanwomennovelists
AmyTan(1952)
TheJoyLuckClub(1987/9)
TheKitchenGod'sWife(1991)
TheBoneseter'sDaughter(2000)
TheJoyLuckClub(1989)
TheJoyLuckClub(1989)focusesonfourChineseAmericanimmigrantfamiliesin
Washington,Pen.whostart"theJoyLuckClub,"playingtheChinesegameofmahjongfor
moneywhilefeastingonavarietyoffoods.Thebookisstructuredsomewhatlikeamahjong
game,withfourpartsdividedintofoursectionstocreatesixteenchapters.The3mothersand
4daughterssharestoriesabouttheirlivesintheformofvignetes.Eachpartisprecededbya
parablerelatingtothegame.In1993,thenovelwasadaptedintoafeaturefilmdirectedby
WayneWang.
MaxineHongKingston(1940)
MajorWorks:
TheWomanWarior,1976
ChinaMen,1980;
TripmasterMonkey,1989
TheWomanWarrior
163
TheWomanWariorisamemoir,orcolectionofmemoirs.Althoughtherearemany
scholarlydebatessuroundingtheoficialgenreclassificationofthebook,itcanbestbede
scribedasaworkofcreativenonfiction.Throughoutthefivechapters,Kingstonblendsauto
biographywitholdChinesefolktales.Whatresultsisacomplexportrayalofthe20thCentury
experiencesofChineseAmericanslivingintheU.S.Ithasbeenthemostcommonlytaught
textinmodernuniversityeducationandwontheNationalBookCriticsCircleAward.
9.womenwriters
JoyceCarolOates(1938)violence,sex,mariage,family
BytheNorthGate(63);Wonderland(71);Them(69,psychologicalnovel)
MaryMcCarthy(19121989)Southern,Catholic,andnewwomen
Oasis(49);TheGrovesofAcademe(52);
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