概要信息：

启航考研英语名师讲义
阅读理解 C部分
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 C部分
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Part One 总论
1．英译汉题特点:
用作英译汉的短文，其篇幅通常在 400字以上；题材一直是晦涩难懂的科普文章（见
下表），体裁则多是内容、逻辑严密的议论文。分析 90年以来的共 33篇+4篇文章，我们
总结其中的几大特点：
1）句子较长，且结构往往是从句中包孕或嵌套着从句，十分复杂，给理解和表达两
方面都带来一定的难度。这时大家给予足够的重视，一定要一层一层的分析。
2）即使句子不是很长，但其中有较难分辨的语法结构或较难理解的词或短语。尽管
本题中通常不会有很难很偏的词，但恰恰是一些貌似简单的词汇，在文章中出现时，有较
为专业的含义，需要平时多练翻译题以进行很好的积累，考场上翻译时也要特别的留意。
3）在一篇非常正式的文章(尤其是科技文章)中，作者往往特别偏向于使用被动语态、
名词词组表达动词或形容词的意思等等。
4）英译汉试题近年情况表
考试年份 文章主题 题材范围
1990 性格及行为方式的形成 人文社科
1991 能源危机 人文社科
1992 智力测验 人文社科
1993 科学研究的方法 理工
1994 技术对科学的促进作用 理工
1995 教育测试 人文社科
1996 科研取得进展的原因 理工
1997 动物是否有动物权 人文社科
1998 宇宙云 理工
1999 历史研究 人文社科
2000 通信交流 理工
2001 未来世界 理工
大纲要求：1.准确 2.完整 3.通顺
考查能力：1.准确理解英语长难句的能力；2.英汉翻译的基本规则；3.熟练程度
评分标准：
1.如果句子译文明显扭曲原文意思，该句得分最多不得超过 0.5 分。
2.如果考生就一个题目提供了两种或者两种以上的译法，若均正确，给分；若其中一种
译法错误，按错误译法评分。
3.中文错别字不个别扣分，按照整篇累计扣分，在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字
扣 0.5 分，无 0.25 扣分。
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2002 行为科学 人文社科
2003 人类学 人文社科
2004 语言学 人文社科
2005 媒体与文化 人文社科
2006 知识分子 人文社科
2007 法学教育对新闻报道的意义 人文社科
2008......
2．得分低的原因
然而，从近几年的考试结果看来，本题的成绩普遍不理想。究其原因，有三：
1）根本原因是英汉之间的差异错综复杂，既有语言表达方式方面的不同，又有思维
逻辑以及文化习俗等方面的不同，这些都造成理解和表达上的重重困难。
2）对我们现在讨论的这种英译汉试题的命题特点了解不足，对出题意图认识不够。
对翻译本身缺乏足够的了解。由于客观条件的限制，绝大多数高校在大学英语教学中没有
开设翻译课程或讲座，使得广大的考生未能接受系统的翻译训练，从而对翻译理论 (如翻
译的标准、翻译的基本方法、翻译过程中特别容易出错的地方等等) 缺乏应有的了解，导
致包括阅读极好的同学在内的许多考生译出一些似是而非的句子，而自己却无从判断正
误。结果，复习起来不知所从，准备起来不得要领，而在应试过程中一不小心就掉入了“陷
阱”。
3）个别考生近年来汉语水平衰退，导致译文语句不通，错别字满篇，受到阅卷老师
鄙视，自然得分不高。
3．翻译的标准
“忠实”就是忠实于原作的内容，译者必须把原作的“思想”内容“完整而正确地”
表达出来，不得有任何的篡改歪曲、遗漏或任意增补的现象。“通顺”指译文必须合乎规
范、明白通畅，不能有文理不通，结构混乱或不合逻辑的现象。
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Part Two 翻译的基本方法
一、词义选择
1.根据词类确定词义。
1) At the core of this debate is Chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve
Ross in 1992. (9704)
2) A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called digital divide — the division
of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. (0102)
2.根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。
1) It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads
in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. (0303)
2) The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and
disappointment. (0604)
二、词类转换
Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of
working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. (0403)
三、增词和减词
1) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals
should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no
consideration at all. (97—48)
这种说法一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对
人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。
2) The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to
increase faster than government revenues. (05年新题型)
3) Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are
often deprived of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. [90—
68]
You know a word by the company it keeps. “要知义如何，关键看词伙”。
No context, no text. “脱离上下文，无确切文本”或“表面义不可靠，上下文最重要”。
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四、双重否定的翻译
There is hardly an environment on earth to which some species of animal or other has not
adapted successfully.
五、常用句型翻译
1.与其说是…不如说是…
1） …not so much … as
★ He is not so much a novelist as a critic. 与其说他是小说家，不如说他是评论家。
★ Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as
because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.[94—71]
2） …more … than…
… less … more …
★ He is more (a) scholar than (a) teacher. 与其说他是教师，不如说他是个学者。
★ Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of
history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians
themselves.[99—72]
2. …no/not…，any more than…. 和…一样，前后两个都不
（注：这一句式中的 any more than表示前后两者都否定，都不…）
★ There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can
limit how much water you drink.
★ But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any
more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of
conduct in business. [06—49]
3. anything but…一点也不
★ Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but
lonely.
★ Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of
anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the
American distaste for intellectual pursuits. (0404 )
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4. nothing but… 就是，仅仅，不过是
★ The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode
of working of human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about
and given precise and exact explanations. （93—-71）
科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并
给以精确而严谨的表达方式。
六、被动语态翻译：往往译为主动
1.被动变主动
1) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most
precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well
defined. [95—74]
2) On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only
if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with
whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information
which they possessed. [92—75]
【分析】原文中两个 only if引导的从句显然使整个句子变得很复杂，可是由于有并列连
词 but和 and，整句话的逻辑关系十分清楚：…能够得出结论…但是只要…而且只要…。
从上面的译文我们可以看出，为了使中文表达更加清楚，but only if...and only if...被首先提
纲挚领地先来了个介绍：但是必须具备两个条件……，这种做法给我们的感觉是译文中没
有从句，有的只是一些不同的分句。
【译文】总的来说，（人们）得出这样的结论是有一定把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：
能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和他相比较的其他孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏其
他孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。
2.常用被动句型翻译
1.It is hoped that… 希望
2.It is reported that…据报道
3.It is said that… 据说
4.It is supposed that…据推测
5.It may be said without fear of exaggeration that…可以毫不夸张地说
6.It must be admitted that…必许承认
7.It must be pointed out that …必须指出
8.It will be seen from this that…由此可见
9.It is asserted that…有人主张
10.It is believed that…有人相信
11.It is generally considered that…大家认为
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12.It is well known that…大家知道
13.It will be said that…有人会说
14.It was told that…
七、长句翻译法
句子很长是英译汉试题的一大特色，它在科技性文体中出现最为频繁。对此，考生不
要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理，因为，无论是多么复杂的句子，它都是由一些基本的成
分组成的。
长句的分析
一般来说，造成长句的原因有三方面：修饰语过多；并列成分多；语言结构层次多。
在分析长句时可以采取下面的方法和步骤：
(1)抓主干：找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，从整体上把握句子的结构；
(2)划出句中的修饰成分和特殊结构：并列结构、插入结构、定语、各种从句等；
(3)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
(4)按照汉语的表达要求，重新组织句子并表达出来。
如：Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are
many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience
greater intellectual development.[90—66]
【分析】该句的主语为 Behaviorists,谓语为 suggest,宾语为一个从句，因此整个句子为
Behaviorists suggest that从句结构。 该句共有五个谓语结构，它们的谓语动词分别为：
suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等，这五个谓语结构之间的关系为：
Behaviorists suggest that-clause结构为主句;who is raised in an environment为定语从句，所
修饰的先行词为 child；where there are many stimuli为定语从句，所修饰的先行词为
environment；which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句，所修
饰的先行词为 stimuli；在 suggest宾语从句中，主语为 child,谓语为 experience,宾语为 great
intellectual development.
【译文】行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些
刺激物又有利于其适当反应能力的发展，那么，这个儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
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1.顺译法
即顺着英文原有的顺序翻译，条件是英语句子的内容与叙述方式同汉语习惯基本一
致。如：
But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to
give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all
known sources and reserves of these materials. (1984年考题)
【分析】该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that…”，it为形式主语，that引导着主语从句
以及并列的 it is even possible to…结构。其中，不定式作主语，the time…是
“expectation of life”的同位语，进一步解释其含义，而 time后面的句子是它的定语从句。
五个谓语结构，表达了四个层次的意义：A.可是现在人们意识到；B.其中有些矿物质的蕴
藏是有限的；C.人们甚至还可以比较合理地估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”；D.将这
些已知矿源和储量消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法，把第四层意义的表达作
适当的调整，整个句子就翻译为：
【译文】可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的，人们甚至还可以
比较合理地估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”，也就是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物
的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
2.逆译法
即不再遵照英文原有的顺序，甚至完全逆着原有顺序翻译，如果英文的表达次序和汉
语的表达习惯不同甚至相反的话。如：
It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportu
nities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.[86
—78]
【分析】该句由一个主句，一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成，“……变得越来
越重要”是主句，也是全句的中心内容，全句共有三个谓语结构，包含三层含义：A.……
变得越来越重要；B.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会；C.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的
信息，作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯，我们也采用逆译法，翻译成：
【译文】因此，如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会，就得为他们提供大量关
于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。这个变得越来越重要了。
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3.分译法
如果句子中的从句(或修饰语)与主句的关系不是很密切，可以将它们与主句分割开
来，使译文变成好几个短句。这与英汉两种语言表达较复杂的意思的习惯是一致的：前者
偏向于使用含有许多重层次的主从复合句或并列复合句，而后者往往崇尚“言简意赅”。
如：Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to
follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs
which are both instructive and entertaining. (1985 年真题)
【分析】在此长句中，有一个插入语“it is often said”,三个并列的谓语结构，还有一个
定语从句，这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子，但都有独立的意义，
因此在翻译时，可以采用分译法，按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句。
【译文】人们常说,电视使人了解时事、掌握科学和政治的最新动态，还为人们提供
了层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的系列节目。
八、从句翻译法
1.定语从句的译法
定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。由于二者在翻译时无大差异，所
以讨论时不加严格区分。定语从句的译法一般有三种：
(1)译成含“的”字结构的定语，放在先行词之前。由于定语从句的作用相当于定语，
所以这种译法是最普遍的。不过，条件是定语不可过长。
(2)采用“分译法”，将较长的定语从句独立出去，并将先行词重复一次。
(3)译成状语从句。
如：Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are
many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience
greater intellectual development. (1990 年第 66 题)
【译文】行为主义者的看法是：如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长，而这些
刺激物又能够发展其适应反应能力的话，那么这个儿童在智力方面将会得到更大的发展。
【分析】对比英语原文与译文的句子结构会发现二者的一些不同之处：①原文是一气
呵成的一个长句，译文分成了 4个短句；②原文中的三个定语从句得到了不同的处理：
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who从句变化成了“如果”引导的条件状语从句；where从句保留定语的功能；which从句
与其先行词分离，译成了含递进意味的条件状语从句，且其先行词重新出现一次。
[例] This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to
the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific
establishments cannot be foreseen in detail. [96—72]
[例 ] Translators will deserve the highest praise, who can convey the same thoughts with
the same graces, and who, when they translate, change nothing but the language.
2.名词性从句的译法
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，它们中大多数可以适
用“顺译法”——按原文的顺序翻译。但也有一些值得注意的地方:
(1)主语从句的译法：如主语从句和后面的成分都不长，则按顺序在一句话里完成；
如主语很长，而主语其他成分很短，则可采用逆译法；倘若二者长度相当且都较长，则
采用分译法。
★ It is important that science and technology be pushed forward as quickly as possible.
重要的是要把科学技术搞上去。
★ Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.
他此行所见所闻都给他留下了深刻的印象。
(2)表语从句的译法：通常用顺译法。
★ My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately
following it is inevitable.
我的观点是一代人经常抱怨下一代人是不可避免的。
(3)宾语从句的译法：如宾语从句较长,且是第一层次的从句,句子往往在主句谓语动
词和宾语从句间断开。
(4)同位语从句的译法：类似于定语从句的译法——处理成含“的”字结构的定语，
其同位语则成为该定语修饰的对象；或采用分译法，先译同位语，再补充同位语从句的
内容。
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补译: 加 “即”、冒号、破折号等。
★ That racism continues to prevail is indicated by the fact that we, intentionally or not,
chose three white men to be the first men associated with the moon.
种族主义继续占上风可有事实说明：我们有意无意挑选了三位白种人作为首批登月
者。
3.状语从句的译法
由于在句中用来表示时间、原因、条件、目的、让步、比较等等，这类从句往往用在
主句后面，而汉语的习惯则要求将状语的内容先于主句表达，通常要用逆译法。结果状语
从句例外。
值得特别注意的有：
(1)when引导的从句的译法。
when引导的时间状语与主句之间有逗号隔开，说明主句已经是一个完整的句子，when
从句与主句关系松散，只是一种语气很弱的补充。类似的情况还有 which引导的非限定性
定语从句，往往有逗号与主句隔开，所以翻译时常常用分译法，独立成句。
如：In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be
most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be
well defined. （95年 74题）
【分析】由于 when 引导的从句并不是很强烈的时间概念，实际上说的是一种条件。
这种情况下，可以将它译成“如果”。
(2)so…that…引导的结果从句，有时不应译成“如此……以至于……”。
However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with so
me of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects.
【分析】如果用“如此……以至于……”来译，译文就是：“……但是，世界就是如
此被制造的，以至于……”，明显是从英语搬过来的，属“死译”；而且“世界”是“被
制造”的吗?也不通顺。
【译文】然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般是无法解决世上某些更引人入胜的课
题的。
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Part Three 英译汉试题精练
（1990－2007）
1990
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It
is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative
and another is competitive.
Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want
to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no
clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one
might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often
conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture.”
(71) Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and
behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (72) That our environment has
little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.
Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great
degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
Those who support the “nurture” theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called
behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based
instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B.F.Skinner, sees humans as beings
whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. (73) The behaviorists
maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their
behavior.
Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence,
offered by the two theories. Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a
certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say, they don’t believe
that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined
characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are product of
our experience. (74) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where
there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will
experience greater intellectual development.
The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United
States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some
“nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (75) Behaviorists,
in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of
many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. (430)
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1991
The fact that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been
with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows
freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so
fragile a base. (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case,
the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
(72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to
result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had
in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously,
and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.
To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s
population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United
States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion
as the twenty-first century opens.
(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we
are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in
the year 2001？
To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next
thirty years — - even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States
will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the
nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74) This will
be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the
high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great
food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of
belt-tightening at home.
In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very
likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75) Until such time as mankind has the
sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for
all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.
1992
“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct — - the meaning of the word has never
been clear. 71. There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than
there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high
intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make
use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough
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measure of a child’s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required
in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills,
or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to — - it was not designed for such purposes. 72. To
criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring
wind velocity.
The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is
essentially a comparative affair.
73. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that
the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It
is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least
three factors: the intention to do one’s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you
have to do, and the intellectual ability to do it. 74. The first two must be equal for all who are
being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations
in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence
testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis
for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what
we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do
better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general
intelligence.” 75. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of
confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitudes towards the test
as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of
relevant information which they possessed.
1993
71. The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary
mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are
reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. There is no more difference, but there
is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those
of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher
weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a
difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. 72. It is not
that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their
construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course
much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. 73. You
have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that
by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to exract from Nature certain
natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their
theories. 74. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no
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means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special
training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must
be constituted differently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms,
you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used
by yourselves every day every hour of your lives.
There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere’s plays, where the author makes the hero
express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose during the whole of his
life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the
discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy
during the same period. 75. Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day
had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though
differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural
phenomena.
1994
According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding
the horizons of scientific knowledge. 71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through
the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques
and tool. 72) “In short,” a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we
call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that
expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.”
73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation
have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that
hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors
such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information
and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.
The centerpiece of the argument of a technology － yes, genius － no advocate was an
analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was
derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky
put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. 74) Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he
was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets
revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. But the real hero of the story, according to
the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for
making eyeglasses.
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. 75) Whether the
Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice
versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
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1995
The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting,
classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the
target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71) The
target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with
ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics
that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results
will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely
upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant
past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate.
72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,
reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which
it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always
incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective
method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has
developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same
advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other
kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence
from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most
precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well
defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about
many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously
recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75) For example, they do not compensate
for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might
have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
1996
The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several
causes. 71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are
reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent
self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which
preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the
growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a
frightening trend. 72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several
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governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make
of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted,
however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific
answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or
machine to be kept in functional order. 73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a
certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the
future.
This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate
recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward.
But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of
the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good “ as opposed to “bad” science,
but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to
become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 74)
However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of
the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new
subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new
standards of elegance.
1997
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful,
ground-clearing way to start. 46) Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed
account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 47) Some
philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of
duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger
that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights.
However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not
only to animals but also to some people — for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and
future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never
consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don’t like this contract”?
The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of
animals is fruitless. 48) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think
that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or
with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more
fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it. 49) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every
relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake — a sentimental displacement of
feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
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This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood,
may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it.
The most elementary form of moral reasoning — the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl —
is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination:
without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for
most, to engage sympathy. 50) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct
for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
1998
They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a
strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth. 71) But even more
important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they
were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just
about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both
amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’ s Cosmic
Background Explorer satellite — Cobe — had discovered landmark evidence that the
universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang
(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
72)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put
forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense
knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing
into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by
gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much
smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies.
They shouldn’t have long to wait. 73) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at
the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report
their findings soon.
74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific
idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that
very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in
much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic
inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle
physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is
true.
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1999
71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern
practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the
significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of
historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence
found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of
the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions
to an unending process.
72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity
of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians
themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging
social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing
rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be
adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives
of the contemporary world.
73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional
methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.
74) There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to
historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of
historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they
have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technical fallacy”. Also
common in the natural sciences , the technical fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a
whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and
internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with
specific techniques.
2000
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people
depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern
conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of
specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore it is
obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its
agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and
technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to
interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best
advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up
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of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to
reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may
co-operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science,
economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent of scientific
advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are
feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are
often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time,
the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated
speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe
the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that
followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may
undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual
pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for
the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the
population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made
relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors,
governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for
planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
2001
In less than 30 year’s time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between
the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments,
allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.
71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors
that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with
personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather
than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.
According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled
for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers
will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.
73) Pearson has pieced together to work of hundreds of researchers around the world to
produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can
expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest
developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial
organs coming into use between now and 2040.
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links. “By linking directly to our
nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so
that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or
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the Star Trek holodeck,” he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of
man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will
ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”
Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be
predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available,
or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does
expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood
surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic
lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and
the droids. 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating
them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder ——- kitchen rage.
2002
Almost all our major problems involved human behavior, and they cannot be solved by
physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we
have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. (61) One
difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to
states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once
followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. (62) The behavioral
sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be
directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The
environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull,
it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. (63) The role of natural selection
in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role
of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning
to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to
be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are
beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore
become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional
prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the
difficulty. (64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional
theory, and they’re essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct
and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the
achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a
technology and to what ends? (65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will
continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
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2003
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it.
Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. (61) Furthermore,
humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other
life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in
all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the
knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to more harmonious way of living with
themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
“Anthropology” derives from the Greek word anthropos “human” and logos “the study of.”
By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences. (62) Social science is that branch of intellectual
enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly,
systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural
phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and
sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly
close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study
oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. (63) The
emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the
analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social
science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s
formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th
century science. (64) Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art,
morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of
perceiving and understanding human life, implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that
culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.
(65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in
mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete
research and understanding.
2004
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61) The
Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,
which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different
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from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in
describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the
twentieth century. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since
vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native
languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to
deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. (63) The newly
described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of
Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their
data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be
used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.
Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (64)
Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the
structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that
because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the
speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (65) Whorf came to
believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language
imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching
consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and
Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the
notion of linguistic determinism.
2005
It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant
phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be
a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46) Television is one of the means by which these
feelings are created and conveyed — and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect
different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming
cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in
mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere,
multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television,
radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One
Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to
mind.
Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to
compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the
television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show
that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to
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cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.
(49) Creating a “European identity’’’ that respects the different cultures and traditions
which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a
strategic choice — that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our
dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural
traditions which are different from our own.
In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the
exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements
between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production
which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for
production costs. (50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say,
“United we stand, divided we fall” —and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our
diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.
2006
Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his
society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when
he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more
than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans,
who have become anti-intellectual.
First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall
define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity
of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底 ) way about moral problems. He explores such problem
consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral
questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and
moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who
must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of
reasoning which led him to his decision.
This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals — the
average scientist, for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may
contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of
approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he
encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties — he is not
supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his
primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a
businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in
business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman
takes his ethics.
The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has
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traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach
very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent
reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the
majority eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing,
living in “public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.
2007
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in
European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate
programs in Canadian universities. (46)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such
institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual
equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal
education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun
to offer undergraduate degrees in law.
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education,
its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which
encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such
ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday
realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover
and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public
interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of
law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a
journalist's intellectual preparation for his or her career.
(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an
ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special
responsibilities of the new media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a
major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the
better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a
clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on
political stories.
Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for
journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance
amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment
and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their
own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a
well-grounded understanding of the legal system.
……
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附：参考译文
1990年考研翻译真题解析
71. Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and
behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.
【结构分析】
在这个复合句中，代词 those做主语，其后who引导的是个定语从句，修饰前面的 those，
其谓语是 believe，后面 that引导的是个宾语从句，从句里用了一个被动语态 are largely
determined by 。
【核心词汇】
nature天性；personalities个性；behavior patterns行为模式；largely主要地，大多是
【参考译文】
在这场争论中，那些赞成“天性”一方的人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由
生物因素所决定的。
【测试点】定语从句，宾语从句；被动句
72. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and
behavior is central to this theory.
【结构分析】
that引导的是个主语从句，主句的谓语部分是 is central to，在主语从句里，if anything
是个插入结构，对句子结构的理解影响不大。
【核心词汇】
if anything 如果有的话，have …to do with 和… 有… 关系；is central to 是…的核心
【参考译文】
我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为，即使有什么关系的话，那也是微不足道
的，这就是这种理论的核心。
【测试点】主语从句，插入结构；动词短语
73. The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as
the basis of their behavior. Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a
certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.
【结构分析】
在第一个句子里，that引导的是一个做动词 maintain的宾语从句，like machines是个
插入结构。第二个句子中的 insist后面的 that也是个宾语从句，而 learning后面的 that是
个定语从句，限定前面的名词短语的核心部分 capacity。
【核心词汇】
maintain坚持认为，respond to对…做出反应, stimuli刺激, capacity 能力，be born with
生来具有。
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【参考译文】
行为主义者坚持认为，人像机器一样，对环境的刺激做出反应，这是人类行为的基础。
而“天性”论的支持者坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这一才能是由生物因素决
定的。
【测试点】宾语从句，插入结构，定语从句
74. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many
stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater
intellectual development.
【结构分析】
that引导的是个宾语从句，the child做宾语从句里的主语，will experience 是从句的谓
语，在主谓之间又接了三个定语从句，第一个是 who引导的，修饰前面的名词 the child，
第二个是 where引导的，修饰前面的名词 environment，最后是 which引导的，修饰前面
的名词 stimuli。名词 capacity后面的介词做其后置定语。
【核心词汇】raise抚养, stimuli刺激, capacity能力, intellectual development智力发展
【参考译文】
行为主义者认为，如果一个孩子在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发
展其相应的反应能力，那么这个孩子将会有更高的智力发展。
【测试点】宾语从句，定语从句，名词短语
75. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are
often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites
enjoy.
【结构分析】
in contrast是个插入结构，把主谓分开了，that引导的是个宾语从句，the fact后面的
that引导的是个同位语从句，而 advantages后面的 that引导的是个定语从句。
【核心词汇】in contrast 相反，相比之下；be due to 是因为；deprive sb. of 剥夺某人什么；
enjoy享有
【参考译文】
相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其环境方
面所享有的许多有利条件。
【测试点】插入结构，宾语从句，同位语从句，定语从句
1991年考研翻译真题解析
71. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will
all run dry in thirty years or so at this present rate of use.
【结构分析】
全句是由 and连接的两个并列句子，and前面是一个被动句，后面句子的主语是 the oil
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wells。
【核心词汇】shut off关上，切断；at any time在任何时候，随时；in any case如论如何，
不管怎样；run dry枯竭，耗尽；or so左右；at this present rate以目前的速度。
【参考译文】
石油供应可能随时会被切断；不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需 30年左右，
所有的油井都会枯竭。
【测试点】并列结构；介词短语的翻译
72. New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in
any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the
times past.
【结构分析】
全句首先是由 and连接的第一个并列句，and前面是个被动句，and后面又接了一个
but连接的带有转折意义的句子，it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语 to result in any
situation….。名词 situation后面是由 that引导的定语从句，在定语从句中 that sense of cheap
and plentiful energy中的 that是个形容词，修饰后面的名词 sense，名词 energy后面又省略
了 that或which这个引导词，引导的是个定语从句，修饰前面的名词短语的核心词语 sense，
在这个定语从句里测试了 that的两大用法。
【核心词汇】sources of energy 能量的来源，简称为能源；result in导致，促使；in the times
past过去
【参考译文】
必须找到新的能源，而这需要时间，但过去我们感到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将
不大可能再出现了。
【测试点】被动句；并列结构；定语从句(引导词 that/which的省略)；
73. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are
heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
【结构分析】
在这个句子中，逗号前面是主句，后面是 which引导的定语从句，which指代前面句
子提到的整个内容，常翻译成“这”。后面 that引导的是个宾语从句，名词 crisis后的介词
in the matter of producing and marketing food做后置定语，修饰前面的名词 crisis。
【核心词汇】not nearly 远不及，差得远；match 赶得上，配得上，同….相匹配；this指
代前面句子提到的人口的增长；head into走进，开始；in the matter of 关于，就….而论；
marketing 销售或营销。
【参考译文】
食品供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食生产和销售方面正陷入
一场危机。
【测试点】代词指代，定语从句，宾语从句，名词短语。
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74. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture
in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine fewer farmers with high
yields.
【结构分析】
全句是由 since引导的一个原因状语从句，在从句里的 it是做形式宾语，真正的宾语
是不定式短语 to continue agriculture …。In the high-energy fashion是个介词短语，做方式
状语，that引导的是个定语从句，修饰前面的名词 fashion。在 that引导的定语从句中，it
又是一个形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式短语 to combine fewer farmers with high
yields。
【核心词汇】this指代前面提到的人口困境，energy pinch能源匮乏；in the …fashion以….
方式；combine…with…(把….和….结合起来)；high yields高产量。
【参考译文】
这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业很难以这种高能量消耗的美国方式
继续下去了，这种方式有可能使减少农民的数量但获得高的产量。
【测试点】代词指代；原因状语从句；it做形式宾语；that引导的定语从句
75. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the
planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural
food”.
【结构分析】
这个句子中的 until 引导的是个时间状语从句，主句是 people will have to accept more
“unnatural food”，其中的 as引导的是个定语从句，修饰前面的名词 time，同时要把 such…as
看作是是个短语，where引导的是个定语从句，修饰前面的名词 point，意思是“程度”。
【核心词汇】such…as…(像….那样)；have the sense意识到；unnatural food人造食品；
【参考译文】
直到人类终于意识到要把人口减少到使地球能为所有人提供足够的食品的程度，否则
人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
【测试点】时间状语从句；定语从句；词语表达。
1992年考研翻译真题解析
71．There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on
how to interpret or classify them.
【结构分析】
全句属于 there be +N. 结构，全句还包含了一个 more…than 的比较结构，前后结构
对称，都是接了一个句子。agreement 后面跟了 on the kinds of behavior 做其后置定语，
behavior 后面又跟了过去分词 referred to by the term作其后置定语；而 than there is 后面
又省略了一个相同的词汇 agreement. 所以全句理解为：There（there be结构的翻译－增加
泛指主语） is more（比较结构） agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term
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than（比较结构） there is 省略（agreement）on how to interpret or classify them（指代关系）.
【参考译文】
人们对（智力）这个词所指的各种行为的看法一致，而对如何对其进行解释或分类，
人们的看法则不尽相同。
【测试点】比较结构；介词和过去分词做后置定语，省略；指代关系
【举一反三】
more A than B短语的译法：1. 如果这个结构前后接的是短语，则通常翻译成为：与
其说 B，不与说 A；或翻译成：有 A无 B。比如：He is more brave than wise. 与其说他聪
明，不与说他勇敢。然后意译为：他有勇无谋。2. 如果前后接的是句子，则常翻译为：
有 A，而没有 B。
72．To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not
measuring wind velocity.
【结构分析】
全句是用不定式 To criticize it for such failure做主语（it指代什么，需要到上文去寻找，
因为 it是单数，应该到前面去找到一个单数名词，而前面两个句子都是用 it做主语，所
以再往前找到第一句的主语 intelligence test，所以 it应该指代前面的智力测试，）such failure
属于名词指代的重要考点；（因为 failure表示“没有”的意思，因此我们可以往上去找一个
带有否定意思的词语，根据层层指代，such purposes, not supposed to, 再到 not measure
character, social adjustment，我们由此可以推断 such failure 指代智力测试不能测试人的性
格等特点的情况）。 谓语是 is roughly comparable to （comparable to这一词组表示类比，
可译为“如同……一样”）criticizing a thermometer for…velocity。（for是动词 criticizing要求
的）。
【参考译文】
批评智力测验没有测试孩子的性格等情况，大概犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。
【测试点】代词和名词指代；动词（criticize）+(for)介词短语；形容词短语
【举一反三】
在翻译中遇到代词时一定要到前面去找其指代的内容，一般说来 it, they, them都要求
把其指代的名词说出来。指代的依据一般是就近原则和单复数原则。比如 it只能指代前面
的单数名词或整个句子。
73. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the
scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a ‘valid’ or ‘fair’ comparison.
【结构分析】
Now since相当于 now that, 引导的是个状语从句，一直到 matter结束，状语从句结束
时应该用逗号，但英语经常把状语从句后的逗号省略，主句是 we must be后面部分，be sure
of 后面接的 that宾语从句必须要省略介词 of。宾语从句里用 the scale 做主语，后面接了
介词加 which引导的定语从句，the scale的谓语是 provides.
【核心词汇】subjects试验对象；scale尺度；
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【参考译文】
既然对智力的测试是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象作比较时，我
们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。
【测试点】状语从句；定语从句；宾语从句；专业词汇
【举一反三】
1．在 be+ 形容词+of+ that从句这个结构中 of必须要省略，但接其它从句介词 of不能省
略，比如：be aware that(意识到)；be confident that(有信心)；还有关于测试学的专业词
汇要多记。
2．英语中的状语和状语从句放到主句前面，但在结束之后经常省略逗号，因而造成翻译
理解的障碍，要特别注意学会断句。但状语从句放到主句后面的时候，不用打逗号。比
如：According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because outsider
competitors will continue to exist。这句话里用了 according to介词短语做状语，但后面没
有用逗号，全句应该这么理解：According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly
is unlikely because outsider competitors will continue to exist 。 另 外 还 有 As
environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the
future earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has
changed in the past. 全句需要在 future后面打个逗号，句子的层次就很清楚了。
74．The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of
intelligence is to be made.
【结构分析】
全句的主句 The first two must be equal for all who are being compared；其中 for是个介
词，理解为“对...来说”；all 是个代词，意思是所有被比较者，who引导的是个定语从句，
限定前面的代词 all. 被动结构是 are being compared，应该理解“做比较”。if引导的是个条
件状语从句，主语是 any comparison，后面的介词短语是个固定短语，in terms of (就...而
言，从…方面)；第二被动结构是 is to be made，应该翻译成主动意思。equal属于熟词生
义，理解为“一样的，同样的”。
【参考译文】
如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有被比较者来说，前两个因素必须是
一样的。
【测试点】状语从句；定语从句；被动结构；介词短语 in terms of
【举一反三】熟悉英语的被动句子的翻译，尽量翻译成为主动的意思。
75．On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence，but only
if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with
whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information
which they possessed.
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 C部分
IV-32
【结构分析】
On the whole是个介词短语，放在句首，要单独翻译。全句的主语是 such a conclusion；
被动结构 can be drawn做谓语；介词短语 with a certain degree of confidence做状语，修饰
前面的动词 drawn。but表示“但是” 的意思，后面接了两个句子并列：第一是 only if（只
要）the child can be assumed to（被动结构）have had the same attitude towards the test as the
others（others指代其他孩子）；其中短语 the same…as.理解为（与….一样）；with whom 引
导的是个定语从句，限定前面的代词 the others。代词 he指代前面的孩子。第二个并列结
构是 and only if引导的条件状语从句；被动结构 was not punished翻译成主动，by lack of
相当于 for lack of（因为缺乏）；which引导的是个定语从句，限定前面的名词 information。
【参考译文】
总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须能够假定，这个孩子对测试
的态度和与其进行比较的其它孩子是相同的；并且能够假定，他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子
所具有的有关知识而受惩罚（被扣分）。
【测试点】并列结构；被动结构；定语从句；固定短语。
【举一反三】
介词短语是个特殊成分，要单独考虑，比如 in a manner(以一种方式)； to a large
degree/extent(在很大程度上)。词义理解时要根据专业定词义，这篇文章是对孩子的智力做
测试，因此很多词汇应该围绕试验来思考。
1993年考研翻译真题精解
71．The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode
of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned
about and given precise and exact explanation.
【结构分析】
分号相当于汉语的句号，因此整个句子分为两个分句，第一个句子的主语是 the method
of scientific investigation，谓语是 is，nothing but 是个短语，意思为“只不过，仅仅”，the
expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind是个固定名词短语，其核心
成分是 expression，它后面接了很长的介词短语做其后置定语，翻译时由后面往前面翻译，
第二个句子的主语是 it （指代前面的 the method），by which引导的是个定语从句，限定
前面的名词 mode，定语从句里的主语是 all phenomena，从句的谓语用了两个并列的被动
语态。
【参考译文】
科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动必要的表达方式，这一科学方法也仅仅是对一
切现象进行推理并给以精确而严谨解释的那种方式。
【测试点】后置定语和定语从句；固定短语；名词短语；
【举一反三】
“名词+介词+名词+介词”是个翻译必考的短语，这个短语的核心成分是最先出现的
名词或并列名词，翻译时要求由后面往前面翻，希望广大考生特别注意。
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IV-33
72． It is not that the scales in the one case，and the balance in the other, differ in the principles
of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of
course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
【结构分析】
这一句子是由 not that….but that引导的一个并列分句结构，并列两个句子，翻译成为：
不是因为…而是因为。在 not that引导的从句里面由 the scales和 the balance两个并列名词
做主语，且 in the one case 和 In the other （后面省略了与前面相同的词 case）属于词组并
列；谓语是 differ in(在…方面有不同)；后面的 or是个并列连词，连接 principles和 manner
这两个名词短语。第二个从句有省略，应该理解为 but it is that，从句的主语是 the latter(翻
译成“后者”，指代前面的名词 the balance)，than是个比较连词，and并列的前面是个名
词 much finer apparatus，后面并列的不是个介词，而是个形容词词组 much more accurate in
its measurement。
【参考译文】
这并不是因为一方面（指面包师或卖肉者）所用的磅秤和另一方面（指化学家）所用
的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是因为与前者相比，后者是一种更精密的仪
器，因而在计量上必然更精确得多。
【测试点】并列结构；省略结构；指代关系；
【举一反三】
并列结构包括词、短语和句子的并列，在理解时一般要参照对比并列连接词后的词语，
综合考虑是词或词组的并列，还是句子的并列。英语中经常出现固定短语的并列，比如
both…and; between…and; such….as….; the same….as等，这在我基础班和公开课里讲到过。
73．You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and
deduction，that by the help of these operations，they，in a sort of sense，manage to extract from
Nature certain natural laws，and that out of these，by some special skill of their own，they build
up their theories.
【结构分析】
本句的主谓是 you have all heard，it做形式宾语，一般不翻译，repeated做 it的宾语补
足语，可以理解为“多次”，后面三个 that引导的宾语做真正的宾语。在第一个宾语从句
里面，men of science做主语，谓语是 work，介词 by means of做方式状语；第二个宾语从
句里的 by the help of these operations做方式状语，主语是 they，介词短语 in a sort of sense
是个固定成分，单独翻译；第三个宾语从句是由 and that 引导的，两个介词短语 out of these
和 by some special skill of their own做方式状语，these因为其是个复数名词，所以指代前
面的 natural laws(自然规律)。
【参考译文】
你们都曾多次听说过，科学家是通过归纳法和演绎法来工作的；在某种意义上说，他
们用这些方法设法从自然界中找出某些自然规律；然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的一些
特殊的本领，来建立起他们的理论。
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 C部分
IV-34
【测试点】从句并列；形式宾语 it; 代词指代
【举一反三】
it经常在翻译里面做形式主语和宾语，在表达时一般不翻译出来。介词短语要多记，
因为它经常是单独翻译的。
74．And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means
compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
【结构分析】
形式主语 It 和被动语态使用时，一般要求把被动翻译成为主动，有时没主语时，还
要补上其主语。By no means是个固定短语，意思是“绝对不，根本不能”，these processes
指代前面的科学家的思维活动，and that 引导的是第二个主语从句，从句的主语 they指代
前面出现的名词 these processes。To be acquired是个被动语态，应该翻译成主动形式。
【参考译文】
许多人以为普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，同时还认为这些思
维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
【测试点】被动语态；that引导的并列主语从句；固定词组；代词指代
【举一反三】被动变主动翻译方法；形式主语 it一般不翻译。
75．Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in
motion a complex train of reasoning，of the very same kind，though differing in degree，as that
which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.
【结构分析】
本句主语 there be的句型。one是个代词，意思是“人或人们”，who引导的是个定语
从句，in the course of the day（在一天当中）是个固定介词短语，set sth. in motion（表示
使...开始/行动）是个动词短语，但由于 set的宾语 a complex train of reasoning太长，所以
把它的宾语放到后面去了，介词短语 of the very same kind修饰前面的动名词 reasoning，
固定短语 the same….as(与......一样)中间插入了一个 though differing in degree让步状语成
分，that是个代词，指代句子里面的 reasoning(推理活动)，引导词 which修饰前面的 that，
引导的是个定语从句。
【参考译文】
大概不会有人一整天都没有机会来进行一连串复杂的思考或推理活动，这些思考活动
与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在性质上是完
全一样的。
【测试点】宾语后置；定语从句；插入结构；固定短语；that的用法
【举一反三】
宾语后置是近几年的考试热点，它一般是某些动词短语的宾语太长，为了避免头重脚
轻，所以放到后面去了。固定短语 the same…as，定语从句等也经常考到。希望广大考生
把这道题作为重点复习的内容。
启航教育 www.qihang.com.cn 400-678-1826（全国学员专线）
IV-35
1994年考研翻译真题精解
71. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as
because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool.
【结构分析】
本句的主谓非常清楚，是 science moves forward，但句中用了 they say 这个插入成分，
判断英语的插入结构一般看其前后是否有逗号，在翻译时一般要把它提到句首来翻译，
they这个代词在该句中找不到指代的内容，因此只有往前面的句子中去寻找一个复数名
词，且必须是人的意思，因此只有第一句里面提到 a new school of scientists(新学派科学家)。
然后该句用了 not so much(与其说)….as(还不如说)这个短语，注意英语中的并列词组其后
接的单词要么是同义词，要么是反义词，因此这个结构后面接的两个介词 through 和
because of 可以看作是同义词，因此多义词 through应该也翻译成“因为”。名词短语 The
insights of great men of genius的中心词是 insights，因为名词短语的核心成分一般是最先出
现的名词，翻译时应该由后往前翻译为：天才伟人的真知灼见。介词短语 like(像)improved
techniques and tools修饰前面的名词 more ordinary things，翻译时也是由后往前翻译。
【参考译文】
他们（新学派科学家）说，科学的发展与其说是因为/源于天才伟人的真知灼见，还
不如说是因为/源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
【测试点】插入结构；后置定语；固定短语；代词指代
【举一反三】
插入结构一般要提到句子最前面来翻译；后置定语采取由后往前的翻译方法，固定短
语要熟记。最后代词指代的名词一般要看代词本身是单数还是复数，指人还是指物，然后
再到前面去寻找。
72． In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was
largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the
reach of science in innumerable direction.
【结构分析】
in short是个固定介词短语，翻译成“简而言之”，主语是 a leader of the new school，谓
语是 contends，但它后面省略了宾语从句引导词 that，在宾语从句里，the scientific revolution
是主语，as we call it是个完整的主谓宾结构，而且前后有逗号，可以看作是个插入成分。
Was largely 是谓语，后面的名词短语 the improvement and invention and use of a series of
instruments是个常考的"名词+名词+名词+介词+名词+介词+名词"结构，其后的介词应该
修饰前面的三个并列名词短语，其中 a series of是个固定短语。That引导的是个定语从句，
修饰的是其前面名词短语的核心成分 the improvement and invention and use，定语从句引导
词修饰前面的名词有很长时，一般有两个.依据：第一看其前面的核心名词是哪个；第二
看引导词后面的谓语动词来定。从句中 the reach是个名词，应该把它看作是宾语，但很
难理解其意思，in innumerable direction(朝难以计数的方向) 修饰前面的动词 expanded。
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 C部分
IV-36
【参考译文】
简而言之，新学派的一位领袖人物坚持认为，也正如我们所称作的那样，科学革命主
要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所
不及。
【测试点】宾语从句；定语从句；插入结构；名词短语
73．Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have
largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
【结构分析】
全句是个被动句，over the years是个介词短语，表示”多年来”的意思，主语是 tools and
technology，后面接了个介词短语 as a source of fundamental innovation做其后置定语，谓
语部分是 have largely（在很大程度上） been ignored by，后面是介词 by的宾语。名词短
语 philosophers of science 可以理解为：科学思想家们。
【参考译文】
多年来，作为根本性创新源泉的工具和技术本身在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想
家们忽视了。
【测试点】被动语态；后置定语；词汇理解
74．Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented
telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the
earth.
【结构分析】
本句的主语是 Galileo’s greatest glory，谓语是 was，that引导的是个表语从句，从句的
主谓部分是 he was，表语是后面的名词 the first person，这个名词后面又接了个不定式短
语作后置定语，这个结构的后面又接了个不定式 to prove，作目的状语， that引导的是个
宾语从句，从句里的主谓是 the planets revolve around，rather than是个固定短语，意思是”
而不是”，后面省略了与前面相同的动词短语中的动词 revolve。
【词义理解】
glory（光荣）属于抽象名词，翻译表达时应把它具体化，可以表达成：成就或贡献。
Newly invented 属于副词+动词过去分词构成的复合形容词，再比如 constantly applied
efforts(不断做出的努力)。动词 turn…on（把…对准）属于动词+介词的考点。
【参考译文】
伽利略的最伟大的成就在于他在 1609年是第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以此
来证实行星是围绕太阳转而不是围绕地球转的。
【测试点】表语从句；宾语从句；后置定语；词组理解
75．Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of
technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
启航教育 www.qihang.com.cn 400-678-1826（全国学员专线）
IV-37
【结构分析】
本句是由 whether(究竟是…)…or(还是….)引导的主语从句，谓语是 depends on, 宾语
是 the issue，后面的 of which引导的是个定语从句，限定前面的名词 issue。
【词义理解】
financing和 finance是有区别的，financing是由动词转化而来的动名词，因此应该翻
译成：资金投入或经费投入；类似的词语还有很多，比如 schooling(学校教育), reasoning(推
理活动), marketing(市场营销或销售)等。Pure science是个固定短语，常翻译成：纯理论科
学，比如 pure disciplines（纯理论学科）等。Vice versa是个短语，意思是：反过来。At the
expense of(以…为代价) 相当于 at the price/cost of 词组。Driving force (驱动力/动力)
【参考译文】
政府究竟是以技术为代价（减少对技术的经费投入）来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，
还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
【测试点】主语从句；定语从句；固定短语
特别提醒：1995 年之后的翻译真题也有逐句解析，请刮开本讲义封面上的涂层，就会看
到防伪码；然后登陆启航教育集团官网 http://www.qihang.com.cn/按要求在指定位置输
入本讲义封面上的防伪码后，即可免费下载。如果您所持讲义的封面上没有涂层、更不
要提什么防伪码，那么您所领的讲义就是盗版。请找当地启航索要正版。只有正版讲义
才有增值服务。增值服务赠送很多内部资料，仅供全国范围内上过启航强化班的学员。
1995年
广泛用来帮助选拔、分类、委派或者提拔学生、雇员和军事人员的标准化教育或心
理测试最近在图书、杂志、日报、甚至国会中成了攻击的目标。71）把标准化测试作为抨
击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这些测试的时候，批评家没有注意到错误是由于测试使用
者对测试不甚了解或者使用不当所引起的。测试本身只是工具，其特点在具体条件下可以
得到相当精确的测定。测试结果究竟是有价值、无意义或者甚至是有误导作用在部分程度
上取决于工具本身，但在很大程度上取决于使用者。
所有对未来表现有根据的预测都取决于对相关的过去表现的一些了解：学习成绩、
研究能力、销售纪录或者任何合适的信息。72）这些测试将在多大程度上为后来的表现所
证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，还取决于解释这些信息的技能和才
智。任何认真记分的人都知道，能获得的信息往往不全面，而且预测很容易出现错误。
应该根据这种情况看待标准化测试。对于一个人的学识、他所掌握的技能或者他是
哪种类型的人，标准化测试提供快捷而客观的获取信息的办法。73）因此，在某一特定情
况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依
据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
74）一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定
或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。如果使用得当，测试提供一种快速
获取有关许多人的可比性信息的方法，有时还会鉴别出潜力大、过去却未被承认的学生，
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但测试无法做到的事情也很多。75）例如，这些测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公平现象；
因此，也不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，他会有多大
才干。
1996年
科学研究各个领域相对发展各不相同有着多方面的原因。71）在这些原因中，有些
完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些
特定发展的必然结果。然而，有些原因却是不同发展中不太合理的过程，在这些不同的发
展中，关于科学理论应该采取何种形式的先入之见，据权威人士们认为，起着改变不同领
域发展模式的作用。这是一个目前可能仍然无法避免的新问题，但它是一种可怕的趋势。
72）这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府这样的得出结论：政府向科
研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。然而可以预的是，时不时会出现一些问题，
这些问题需要具体的、科学的回答。因此，把科研机构看作是一种资源或者一部保持良好
运行状态的机器通常是有价值的。73）给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研
以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
这种支持与所有政府部门的支持一样需要决定合适的资金接受对象。以有无效果为依
据做决定是简单的，而要在几个没有直接效果的项目中做决定就更加困难。资助机构的目
标一般都无懈可击，因为它总是支持“好”的科学而不支持“坏”的科学，但要做出有效的决
定却是很困难的。一般来说，好科学的概念往往与该领域提出一套完美理论的能力相混淆。
74）然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜
的课题的。75）同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新
的标准。
1997年
动物有权利吗？这个问题经常就是这样问的，这种提问听起来像是一个有用的、能
够把问题讲清楚的开场白。71）事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同
的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。
当然，根据一种权利观，动物现所当然是没有权利的。72）一些哲学家论证说，权
利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。因此，动物不能有权利。惩罚一只
吃人的老虎，这种相法是荒谬的。正是由于同样的原因，认为老虎拥有权利的想法也是荒
谬的。然而，这只是一种观点，而且这种观点决不是毫无争议，因为它不仅否定了动物的
支利，而且也否定了某些的人权利——比方说婴儿、没有思维能力的人和未来出生的人。
此外，还有一处问题没弄清楚：对于那些从来就不同意契约的人来说，契约究竟能有多大
的约束力？如果有人说“我不喜欢这个契约”，你该如何作答？
这种观点是：对人的权利没有共识，讨论动物的权利就会毫无结果。73）这种说法
从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样
关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。这是一种两难的选择，最好用另外一个更加基本的问题开
始这场辩论：我们如何对待动物本身是个道德问题吗？
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许多人的回答是否定的。74）这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不
相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。对动物的痛苦表示任何关心都被认为是错误的——这
是一种多愁善感的感情转移，这种转移应该正确地用在其他人身上。
这种观点认为：从道德上来讲，折磨一只猴子跟砍柴是一样的，这种想法可能显得
既大胆又有逻辑，实际上却是再肤浅不过：其混乱的中心思想正好说明它不攻自破。道德
推理最基本的方式——从伦理上讲它跟学习爬行一样——是用自身利益来权衡别人的利
益，这就需要有同情心和想像力：没有同情心和想像力，就没有道德思维能力。对于大多
数人来说，看到动物痛苦足以让他们产生同情心。75）这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德
观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。
1998年
它们是科学家们迄今发现的最最大、最最遥远的物体：一块狭长的、巨大的宇宙云
系，离地球大约 150亿光年。71）但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的
过去的景象，因为他们看到的是 150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。那正好大约就是宇宙形
成的时候。研究人员的发现既令人吃惊又不出人意料，因为美国国家航空航天局的宇宙背
景探索卫星（简称 Cobe）已经发现了划时代的证据，证明宇宙事实上的确起源于远古的
一次爆炸，这就是著名的大爆炸论（此理论认为宇宙起源于一块巨大能量的爆炸）。
72）巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起
源论的主导地位所必不可少的。根据这一理论，宇宙形成的时候是一团亚微观、极其稠密、
朝四周扩散的纯能量，这块能量在扩散的同时还释放出辐射线、农缩成粒子、然后形成气
体原子。数十亿年来，这种气体受引力的压缩形成了星系、恒星、行星并最终甚至造就了
人类。
设计 Cobe的目的的就是为了观察这些最大的云系，可是天文学家还想观测那些小得
多的热点，即地方上就能看到的物体形成的原因，如星系中的星团和超星团。天文学家们
的等待不会很久，73）天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测
这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。
74）假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种
论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。宇宙膨胀说认为，在很久以前，宇宙受一种
反引力的驱使，其体积在不到一秒种的时间内发生了无数亿倍的膨胀。75）宇宙膨胀说虽
然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天
体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
1999年
71）几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为，
历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。由于受到自己的时间和地点限制，每
一代历史学家都要重新判断对他们来说过去重要的历史。在这一寻找过程中他们发现的证
据往往残缺不全、支离破碎，有时还常带有偏见或者派别意识。历史学家的工作颇具讽刺
意味，因为从事历史研究的人往往知道他们的努力只不过是为一项永远做不完的工作尽微
薄之力。
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72）人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因
为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。尽管历史学曾经崇尚它与文学和哲学的相似性，新兴的
社会科学似乎为人们提出一些新问题、提供了解过去的有效途径带来了更多的机会。社会
科学研究方法必须适应的学科主要受到历史资源的制约，而不是受到当代世界之需要的制
约。73）在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历
史研究方法。
在史学界，方法论这个词一直都是模棱两可的。74）所谓方法论是指一般的历史研
究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
历史学家，尤其是那些被他们的研究兴趣蒙住了眼睛的历史学家，被指责是“井底观天”，
他们常常成为“技术主义谬误”的牺牲品。技术主义谬误在自然科学领域也很常见，它错误
地把整个学科和它的某些研究方法等同起来。75）这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史
社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史
的研究是具体方法的研究。
2000年
世界各地的政府认为，人民的幸福在很大程度上取决于社会的经济实力与财富。71）
在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学家和运筹学家等
领域专家的协助。72）而且，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密
切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。这同时还意味着政府越来越有必要
干预这些部门以提高生产并保证最有效地利用生产。比方说，政府可以用各种方法鼓励研
究，其中包括建立他们自己的研究中心；政府也可以改革教育机构，或者通过干预来减少
对自然资源的浪费或开发迄今未被利用的资源；或者政府还可以直接与日益增加的国际项
目合作，这些项目涉及科学、经济学和工业等。无论如何，所有这些政府干预都离不开科
学咨询和各种各样的科技人才。
73）大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗
和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。与此同时，与过去相比，全世界社
会变革的正常速度已经大大加快。例如，74）在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化
进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国
家在十年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。所有这一切都给社会内部增加了巨大的压
力，使关系变得紧张起来，结果给有关政府带来了严重的问题。75）由于人口猛增或大量
人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所引起的各种问题也会对社会造
成新的压力。由于这诸多方面的原因，政府正变得越来越依赖生物学家和社会科学家制订
和实施合适的计划。
2001年
不出 30年，《星际旅行》中描述的全方位旅行将成为现实。大脑的神经系统与计算
机的直接连接也将创造完全传感的虚拟环境，从而使电影《全面再现》里描述的虚拟休假
成为可能。
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71）届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦
这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。72）儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃
玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，
届时数字化时代就来到了。
BT未来学家伊恩·皮尔森认为，上述内容属于新千年头几十年的发展计划，到那时
超级计算机将使生活的各个领域发生翻天覆地的变化。
73）皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，
它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。一些最重大的发展将出现在医
学领域，其中包括寿命的延长和现在至 2040年间几十种人造器官的使用。
皮尔森还预测了人机连接中一次大的突破。“通过与我们的神经系统的直接连接，计
算机就能感知我们的感觉，并且有希望模拟人的感情，这样我们就可以创造出完全的传感
环境，就像《全面再现》和《星际旅行》中的度假一样。”他说。74）皮尔森指出，这个
突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世
纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。通过他的研究，皮尔森能够对可以预测到的大部
分寄存标出具体的日期。然而，对于超光速旅行何时能实现、克隆人何时能完善、时间旅
行何时成为可能这样的问题目前还没有做出预测。不过，皮尔森的确预测了技术进步带来
的种种问题，比方说，居民区迅速增加的监视摄像机将在 2010年引发各种问题；而人造
仿真机器人的出现将意味着人们可能无法区分谁是他们的人类朋友，谁是冒牌货。75）家
用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂
燥症。
2002年
我们面临的重要问题几乎都涉及人的行为，而这些问题不能光靠物理学和生物学来
解放。我们需要行为科学，但是可能产生行为学的科学一直发展缓慢，61）难题之一在于
所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
物理学和生物学曾经有过类似的做法，但只有在放弃这些做法之后一这两门科学才得到了
发展。62）行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观
察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。环境显然很重要，但是其作用一直没
有得到清楚的解释。环境所起的作用不是推动或者拉动，而是选择，这种作用是很难发现
和分析的。63）自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保
持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。不过，随着人们对生物与环境之间的
相互作用开始有了一些了解，曾经被认为是心态、情感、性格特征产生的影响现在已经开
始从现有环境寻找答案，行为科学有可能因此应运而生。但是，除非它能完全取代近代科
学出现前的传统思想，否则行为科学无法解决我们的问题，因为那些传统思想实在太根深
蒂固了。自由和尊严就能解释这种难度。64）自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有
的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。科学分析
把责任和成就都转移到了环境身上，它同时还提出了一些有关“价值”的问题：谁使用行为
科学？其目的是什么？65）如果这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到
排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之受到排斥。
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2003年
在任何时候、任何地方人类都会对世界进行思考并且想知道他们在世界中的位置。
人类善于思考、富有创造力、拥有永不满足的好奇心。61）而且，人类还有能力改变自己
的生存环境，从而使所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。因此，用冷静
而系统的方式研究极具丰富内涵和个性差异的人类是非常重要的，这样我们就可以希望其
研究结果不仅能使人类相互之间更加和谐相处，而且能使人类与地球上的其他形式的生命
更加相安无事。
“人类学”（anthropology）一词源于希腊语 anthropos（意为“人”）和 logos（意为“研
究”）。单就名称来说，人类学包含对整个人类的研究。
人类学是社会科学的一部分。62）社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然
科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
社会科学中的学科包括地理学、经济学、政治学、心理学和社会学，其中每门学科
都有一个分支或专业与人类学密切相关。
所有社会科学都以研究人类为中心。人类学是一门重视实地考察的学科，它在分析
中大量使用比较的方法。63）强调搜集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化形态时
采用跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
人类学研究十分重视文化概念。爱德华·泰勒爵士提出的文化概念是 19世纪科学中
伟大的学术成就之一。64）泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成
员获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯。”这种见解简单而深刻，
为认识和理解人类生活提供了一种全新的方法。泰勒的定义中隐含了一个概念，那就是文
化是通过学习获得的、共有的、模式化的行为。
65）因此，人类学中“文化”的概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。它
使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
2004年
语言与思维的关系数个世纪以来一直让哲学家很感兴趣。61）希腊人认为，语言的
结构与思维的过程之间有某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早
已在欧洲扎下了根。
直到最近语言学家们才开始认真研究那些与他们自己的语言大不相同的语言。在 20
世纪上半叶，两位人类语言学家——法兰士.博阿斯(Franz Boas)和爱德华·萨丕尔(Edward
Sapir)成了研究南美和北美多种地方语言的创始人。62）我们之所以感激他们（两位先驱），
是因为在此以后，这些语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消
亡了，或者被同化从而丧失自己的本族语言。然而，本世纪更早一些时候的其他语言学家
对他们却不一定那么感激，因为他们对那些来自奇异语言的古怪资料不那么有研究兴趣。
63）那些新近描述的语言与得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至
于有些学者甚至指责博阿斯和萨丕尔编造了材料。美洲各种地方语言的解互不相同，其差
别之大实际上可令纳瓦霍语(Navajo)在第二次世界大战期间被美军用来作密电码使用。
萨丕尔的学生——本杰明·李·沃尔夫——继续了对美洲印第安语言的研究。64）沃尔
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夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决
定习惯思维的结构。他的推理认为，由于某种特定的语言更容易形成某些观念，而不是其
他观念，说这种语言的人便顺着某种轨迹思考问题，而不是顺着另一种轨迹思考问题。65）
沃尔夫进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法
结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。后来，这一观点成为了著名的萨丕尔-沃尔夫
假说，但这个名词不是十分恰当。尽管萨丕尔和沃尔夫都强调语言之间的不同性，萨丕尔
本人从来都没有明确支持过语言决定论这个说法。
2005年
讨论大众传媒在欧洲史上这个具有非凡意义的阶段所起的作用不是一件容易的事。历
史和新闻常常混在一起，人们对此的印象总是既怀疑又乐观。(46)电视是引发和传递这些
感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用
之大，前所未有。现在正在形成的欧洲除了其人民、文化以及对国家的认同感之外别无他
物。有了这样一种认识，我们就可以开始分析欧洲的电视状况。(47)在欧洲，象其他地方
一样，传媒集团越来越成功：这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志、出版社组合在
一起。意大利的一个例子是贝鲁思科尼集团，而我们所知道的国外的媒体集团还有迈克斯
威尔集团和默多克集团。
很明显，在这样一个丰富多彩、竞争激烈的市场上，只有那些规模最大、灵活性最强
的电视公司才有可能具有竞争力。(48)这一点就足以表明，要在电视行业里的生存下来并
非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实，在 80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在 1989年亏损。
此外，欧共体的形成将迫使电视公司在制作和发行方面进行更密切的合作。
(49)不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传
统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性选择——即在欧洲制作出为欧洲服务的节
目。这就要求我们减少对北美市场的依赖，因为该市场的节目涉及的经历和文化传统与我
们的大不相同。
为了实现这些目标，我们必须对合制项目、新闻交换、纪实服务和培训项目更加关
注。这同时还要求欧洲各国之间达成一个协议，创建一个电视节目制作的欧洲银行，这个
银行将以欧洲投资银行为榜样，为电视制作解决必要的资金问题。(50)在应对如此规模的
挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说：“联合，我们就生存；分裂，我们就灭亡”。——如果我必须
选一句口号，那就是“多样中统一”。即我们具有一致的目标，但同时尊重每个国家各自不
同的特点。
2006年
美国知识分子真的受到排斥，并且被认为对社会没有一点价值了吗？我要告诉大家的
是，事实并非如此。布拉克伯根神父曾一语道破部分真相，他认为是知识分子抛弃了美国。
但是知识分子的所作所为更为过火，他们已经对自己作为知识分子的角色变得深感不满。
反对知识分子的是他们自己，而不是美国。
首先，我们需要对我们的研究对象有一个界定。什么是知识分子？(1)我会把知识分
子定义为这样的人：他对道德问题进行苏格拉底式的思考，并将此作为自己人生的首要任
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务和乐趣。他以自觉、清晰以及坦诚的方式来探讨这些问题，首先从事实的角度提出问题，
再从道德的角度提出问题，最后，根绝他所获得的事实材料和道德材料，提出适当的解决
办法。(2)他的职责与法官相似，法官必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能清楚明白的方式来
展示自己作出判决的推理过程。
以这个定义来衡量，有很多通常所谓的知识分子，其实并不能算做真正的知识分子
——普通科学家就是其中之一。(3)我之所以将普通科学家排除在外，是因为尽管他的成
果可能有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。和其他
人一样，即使在履行其日常职责的时候，普通科学家也面临种种道德问题——他不应该篡
改实验、炮制证据或者伪造报告。(4)但是普通科学家的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行
动的道德规范，正如我们并不指望商人专注于探索商业行为准则一样。如果生意人理应遵
守其职业道德一样，科学家在其清醒的大部分时间里也应该遵守其职业准则。
该定义也不包括大部分教师，尽管存在这样的事实：传统上，教学一直是许多知识分
子谋生的手段。(5)知识分子可能很善长教书，而且不仅仅是为了挣钱。但是他们大多数
人对涉及道德判断的人口类问题很少或者根本没有进行独立思考。这样的说法甚至也适用
于大部分杰出的学者。在某个知识领域博学是一回事；正如爱默生所言：生活中，“能为
公众着想并且勤于思考”又是另外一回事。
2007年
几个世纪以来，欧洲的各所大学一直认为法学是一门基本知识学科。然而，只是在最近
几年，法学才成为加拿大大学本科专业的一个特色。(1)传统上，这些院校一直把学习法律
看作是律师专有的特权，而不是每一个受过教育的人必备的知识才能。可喜的是，加拿大
的许多大学正在树立更传统、更具欧洲大陆特色的法律教育观点，有些大学甚至已经开始
授予法学学士学位。
如果法学正在开始成为普通教育的重要组成部分的话，那么它的目标和方法应该会立
刻吸引新闻学教育者。法律是一门鼓励进行责任判断的学科。一方面，它为分析像正义、
民主和自由这样的概念提供机会。(2)另一方面，法律以一种方式把这些观念同日常实际联
系起来——这种联系类似于新闻记者在报道以及评论新闻时根据日常规则所形成的联系
方式。比如，有关证据和事实、基本权利和公共利益这样的概念在新闻判断和新闻编写过程
中就如同在法庭上一样发挥作用。通过研读并思考法律来提高判断能力是一名新闻记者为
其事业应该做的一项知识准备。
(3)但是“新闻记者必须比普通公民更深刻地理解法律"这种观点取决于对新闻媒体
的既定习俗和特殊责任的了解。政治，或者广义上说，国家的职能，是新闻记者报道的一
个主要方面。他们对国家的机制了解得越多，他们的报道就越优秀。(4)事实上，要想明
白那些没有清晰领会加拿大宪法的基本特征的新闻记者如何能够胜任政治新闻报道工作
非常困难。
此外，法律体系及其中发生的事件是新闻记者报道的主题。虽然法律报道的质量各不
相同，但是许多新闻记者都过分依赖律师提供给他们的诠释。(5)虽然律师提供的评论和反
馈可能丰富报道的内容，但是新闻记者依赖自己的价值观自己做出判断则更加难能可贵。
这些判断只能来自于对法律体系的充分理解。
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Part Four 英汉两种语言的差异
1.英语重结构，汉语重语意
1）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal
criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific
techniques. （1999年 75题）
直译：它同样适用于将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部的和外部的批评的传统历史
学家，和把历史研究活动等同于具体研究方法的社会科学历史学家。
调整后的译文：它同样适用于传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家，传统历史学家（或前者）
将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部的和外部的批评，社会科学历史学家（或后者）
把历史研究活动等同于具体的研究方法。
2） Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built
personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of
smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. (01年第 72题)蕌
译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴
而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，到这时数字时代就来到了。
2.英语多长句（多从句），汉语多短句（多分句）
1）For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able
an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable
circumstances. （1995年 75题）
直译：例如，它们不能弥补巨大的社会不公，因此不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人会有
多大才干，如果他在较好的环境中长大。
2） Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of
history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians
themselves.(99年第 72题)
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译文：人们之所以对历史学研究的方法产生了兴趣，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其
次是因为外界对历史学作为一门知识学科的有效性产生了异议。
3.英语多前重心，汉语多后重心
1）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work
in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
（1999年 74题）
译文：方法论是指一般的历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史研究中各个具体领域都适用
的研究方法，人们对此意见不一。
注：“There is no agreement ”不能简单地译为 “没有人同意”，“没有哪个赞同意见”等。historical work
和 historical inquiry 都是指“历史研究”
4.英语多被动，汉语多主动
1）New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in
any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the
past time.(91年第 72题)
译文：必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况
将不大可能再出现了。
注："New sources of energy must be found"可以译成"新的能源必须(被)找到"，但给读者的感觉表达得似乎
有些"欧化"，而用"必须找到新的能源"就显得自然贴切了许多。蕌
2）And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be
compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special
training.(93年第 74题)
译文：许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思
维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
注：原文中有三个被动语态 is imagined, be compared和 be required，译成汉语都变成了主动表达：认为、
相比和掌握。
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5.英语多代词，汉语多名词
1）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that
will disable them when they offend. (2001年第 71题)
译文：届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车，一旦这些
汽车污染超标(或违规)，监测器就会使其停驶。
注：此句共使用了三个代词：关系代词 that、宾格代词 them和主格代词 they，汉语译文中却只用一个代
词"其"，that被译成了名词"监测器"，they被译成了名词"汽车"。这是因为汉语里没有关系代词，that从
英语语法上讲指代的是先行词 monitors，把它译成名词"监测器"就成了很地道的汉语表达。而如果把 they
译成"它们"，汉语里就有可能语义不清，因为"它们"有可能指"汽车"，也有可能指"监测器"。由此可见，
英语里很多代词译成汉语时都要变成名词。
注意：翻译题中很多代词的指代对象往往不在划线部分，在这种情况下 ,代词
就应译成名词。例如：
2）They are the possessions of the autonomous (self governing) man of traditional theory, and
they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given
credit for his achievements.(2002年第 64题)
译文：他们（自由和尊严）是传统理论中自主人所拥有的品质，这是一个人在实践中对
自己的行为负责、使自己的成绩得到赞扬所必须的。
注：原文中的"they"在句中显然找不到指代对象，根据上下文，它应该指前面提到的 freedom and dignity(自
由和尊严)，在翻译的时候如果译成"它们"就已经是表达不清，如果译成"他们"，那显然就是大错特错的
了，因此应该译成名词"自由和尊严"。
6.英语多变化，汉语多重复
1）You have all heard it repeated that men of sicence work by means of induction and deduction,
that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature
certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their
theories.(93年第 73题)
译文：你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，而且从某种意义上来说，
他们依靠这种方法力求从自然界归纳出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用自己的某种
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非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。
注："men of science"显然是"scientists"的另外一种说法，在 93年的英译汉文章中，作者还使了"a man of
science"、"a scientific man"之类的表达法，掌握了英语变化表达的特点，就能很轻松地把它们都译成"科
学家"。
2） It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and intemal
criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific
techniques. （1999年 75题）
译文：这种谬论同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外
部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究就是具体方法的研究。
注：view…as; equate…with; 都是指“认为或把。。。看作”
7.英语多抽象，汉语多具体
1）Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some
respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced
for the better part of a decade that it is true. （1998年 75题）
译文：宇宙膨胀虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认理论在科学上看来可信
的推论，七、八年来许多天体物理学家一直认为这一学说是正确的。
注：句中 consequence, respected ideas and for the better part of a decade都是比较抽象的。
2）Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet
can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more "unnatural food."(91
年第 74题)
译文：除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的
饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
8.英语多引申，汉语多推理
1）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice
most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the
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significant events of the past.（1999年 71题）
译文：尽管关于历史学的定义和历史学家几乎一样多，现代实践最符合这一种定义，即把
历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。
注：其中 one译成了名词“定义”。recreate译成了“再现”
9.英语多省略，汉语多补充
1）Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation
depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon
such factors as cost and availability.（1995年 73题）
译文：因此，究竟是使用测试，其它种类的信息，还是在特定的情况下两者都使用，取决
于关于相对效度的来自经验的证据，同时还取决于中成本和可获得性这样的因素
注： Whether...or...是并列连词，or前面省略了不定式 to use,and upon中间省略了动词 depends，译文中
补充了"使用"和"取决"。
2）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and
with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. (2002年第 65题)
译文：（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥， 解决问题
的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。
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Part Five 段落翻译题
Directions: Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on
ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)
2012年英语二真题翻译
When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at
the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and
universities in developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain,
Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.
Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are
particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%
of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians
over the age 25. This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear
that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have
taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for
their factories to make.
2013年英语二真题翻译
I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in
the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind
seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away readily. When I think of a sad
memory, I do what everyone does — try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me
just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more
acture or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to
the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on the Broadway
on the same day — they both just pop into my mind in the same way.
启航教育 www.qihang.com.cn 400-678-1826（全国学员专线）
IV-51
练习题
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of
greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do —roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak
between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the
“right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data
centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of
CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned,
which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make
improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done,
and not just by big companies.
2012 英语二真题翻译部分参考译文
当发展中国家的人们为移民忧虑时，他们通常担忧的是那些离开自己国家去硅谷或发
达国家的医院和高校的最优秀、最聪明的人们的前景。这些劳动者正是像英国、加拿大、
澳大利亚这样的国家通过赋予受过大学教育的人以特权的移民法想要吸引的人。
大量研究发现，来自发展中国家的那些受到良好教育的人们极有可能选择移居他国。
2004年对印度家庭开展了一项广泛的调查，结果显示约 40%的移民受过高中以上的教育。
相比而言，在所有年龄超过 25岁的印度人中，受过高中以上教育的人数比例只有约 3.3%。
“人才流失”一直困扰着贫穷国家的政策制定者们。他们担心这会对本国的经济造成损害，
造成国家急需的技工的流失。这些技术人员完全可以在他们的大学任教，或在他们的医院
工作，或者为他们的工厂研发出智能化的新产品。
2013 英语二真题翻译部分参考译文
从过去的 53年间任选一天，我能立刻回想起当时我身在何方、当天新闻中发生何事、
甚至那天是周几。自从四岁，我就有这种能力。
我从不会因大脑吸信息量过大而感到难以承受。我的大脑似乎可以处理它们，并将其
有序地存储于大脑中。每当忆及忧伤往事，和其他人一样，我会尽量将其搁置一旁。我不
认为因为我的记忆更为清晰，自己就比其他人更难做到这一点。好记性并没有让我的情感
体验更鲜活生动。祖父去世那天的情景和前一天我去医院看望他时的伤心欲绝都历历在
目。我也还记得当天在百老汇音乐剧《头发》开场演出。这两件事都以同样的方式跃入我
的脑海。
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 C部分
IV-52
练习题参考译文
有谁会想到，全球范围内，信息技术行业与航空业产生的温室气体总量几乎相同——
约占二氧化碳排放总量的 2%。
许多日常工作对环境造成的损害大得惊人。每一次谷歌搜索能释放 0.2 到 0.7 克的二
氧化碳，具体取决于为了获得“正确”答案你试过多少次。为了迅速向用户提供搜索结果，
谷歌不得不在世界各地建立大型数据中心，安装一台台强大的计算机。这些计算机不仅产
生大量的二氧化碳，还释放大量热能，因此这些数据中心需要良好的空调设备，这甚至会
耗费更多的能源。
然而，谷歌和其他大型技术供应商已在严密监控其数据中心的工作效率并作出改进。
监控只是减排的第一步，仍有太多问题需要解决，并且这不只是大公司的事情。
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