概要信息：

启航考研英语名师讲义
阅读理解 B部分
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 B部分
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Part One 总论
阅读理解 B部分是在 2005 年才设置的，之前在考研英语试卷上没有这种题型，所以
这种题型被称为新题型。也就是说，迄今为止，新题型一共只考过 9年。其中英语一共考
过 9次、英语二共考过 4次。
一、大纲要求
本部分 1篇 500---600 词左右的文章，共 5题,10 分。主要考察考生对诸如连贯性、
一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文
章的整体和微观结构。实际上就是《大纲》对考生提出的阅读理解八项技能要求中的第六
项 “(考生应能)理解文章的整体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系”的具体体现。
本部分有 5种备选题型，实际考试时将从中仅选择一种进行命题。需要注意的是：英
语一只考其中的前
题型一：试题内容是一篇文章中有 5段空白。文章后面有 6-7 段文字，要求考生根据
文章内容从这 6-7 段文字中选出能放进文章中每个空白处的一段文字，使上下文连贯、一
致。
英语一的 9年真题中有 6年考了这种题型，分别是 05、06、08、09、12 以及 13 年。
题型二：在一篇长度约 500-600 词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。要求考生
根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(7-8 个)重新排序，其中 2-3 个段落在文章中的位置已给
出。此种题型常被称为排序题。
英语一的 9年真题中仅 2年考了这种段落排序题，分别是 2010 年和 2011 年。
题型三、四：在一篇长度约 500 词的文章前或后有 6～7 段文字或 6～7 个概括句或小
标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章
内容，从这 6～7 个选项中选出最恰当的 5段文字或 5个标题填入文章的空白处。
英语一的 9年真题中仅 2007 年这一次考过这种题；英语二的 4年真题中 2013 年考的
是这种题型。
题型五：一篇长约 700 字的文章，课文后面是根据文章内容连线题。这种题型仅英语
二考，英语一不考。这种题很接近四六级试题中的快速阅读题。
英语二的 4年真题中 2011 年和 2012 年都是考的这类题。
值得一提的是：英语二 2010 年考过的新题型是判断 true or false 一类的题，新大
纲已规定，不再考。所以英语二的同学们不用复习这种题型了。
二、命题规律
仔细分析 5种题型的内在特点，可以发现，尽管他们的命题形式有明显区别，但对考
生考查的能力和知识点却是相同或至少是极为接近的，概括起来可以有以下两个方面：
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III-3
1.考查考生对文章结构和段落结构的整体把握
要求考生能够把握所读文章的结构特征，掌握文章的主旨和段落主题；能够理清文章
和段落的发展脉络，把握文章的转承启合关系和段落的发展模式。
2.考查考生对语篇、语段特征的理解
①一致性。“一致性”指全文围绕一个主题；每一个段落也只有一个主题。文章或段
落的主题可能是显性的(有鲜明的主题句 topic sentence),也可能是隐性的(主题隐含在
细节的描述中)，但文章或段落的展开却紧紧围绕着一个中心，并服务于这个中心，或陈
述其原因，或叙述其结果，或罗列事实，或举例论证。
一般来说，段落的一致性考的比较多。段落的一致性表现在整段由一个主题句统领，
后面跟有若干支持句。所有的支持句必须为主题句服务，围绕该主题句展开，或陈述原因，
或罗列事实、步骤和情节。大多数段落主题句的位置在段首，尤其是从第二段起以后的段
落。但段落主题句也可能出现在段落中间或最后，尤其是第一段。
②连贯性。连贯性是指段落与段落之间，段落内的句与句之间的衔接和协调一致。段
落的连贯性是指段落中句子与句子之间的衔接必须合乎逻辑，即思想发展合乎逻辑，过渡
性词语使用恰当，层次分明，脉络清晰，联系紧凑，语句流畅，使读者容易掌握作者的思
路，了解段落意思。
实现段落的连贯性，除了在内容上要合理地安排素材，使逻辑联系自然、紧凑外，在
结构上，还可以通过一些手段来达到连贯性的目的，如重复关键词、合理使用代词及其他
起指代作用的词、使用过渡性词语、使用平行结构等。
三、复习对策
考生在平常的精读课文过程中，不要仅仅聚焦于对单词、句子的局部理解，还要用心
分析英语篇章以及段落的总特点，对文章的结构进行分析：分析段落与段落之间、段落内
句子与句子之间的关系。这需要借助《考研大趋势》系列丛书的第一册上的相应解析，认
真分析上下文中句子间关系。
考生在做有针对性的练习题时，除了对文章的总体结构把握好以外，要充分注意使段
落或文章达到一致性的语言手段。做题过程中，要注意体会和总结每种备选题型的命题特
点和解题思路。这需要借助《考研大趋势》系列丛书的第二册上的对应指导，以培养成标
准的解题思维。
重要提醒
1. 更多解题方法与技巧，请细读商志老师新浪微博（商志考研英语）；
2. 包括新题型、阅读理解、大小作文、完形、翻译在内的考研英语所有每种题型的更多
权威、详尽解析，请认真研读《考研大趋势》系列丛书。具体请点击查看
http://jiqimaobaobao.taobao.com/。
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 B部分
III-4
Part Two 五种题型分类解析
Alternative One: 语段填空题
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the
most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra
choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10
points)
1.语段填空题解题思路
语段填空题最简单的答题方法就是两个字：主题。全文有全文的主题，段落有段落的
主题。只要循着“主题”这根主线，没有找不到答案的道理。而主题又离不开名词，所以，
只要看清每个空前后作为主题的名词，抓根提串，抓住了主题这个“根本”，后面的句子
就肯定能够串起来。具体解题思路(即答题流程)如下：
Step 1：读首句，明大意。弄明白文章的大意，在答题的时候牢牢扣住文章的主旨，
心中如果能牢记文章主旨，答题时就能做到有条不紊。
Step 2：看前后，抓线索。观察完选项后，再回到原文定位，抓住空前空后的句子，
锁定目标答案的特征。
Step 3：观选项，找特征。文章大意明了后，一定要沉下心来仔细观察选项，千万不
能马虎，把文章的衔接和连贯的手段，比方说人称代词、指示代词、连接词、复现同现这
些词语标记出来。
Step 4：查全文，对答案。这一条指的是最后用代入法通读全文，检查答案是不是很
合理。如果同学们能遵照这四步答题，那么其实文章很容易抓住线索来答题。
2.大纲样题展示
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some
mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now
extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41. __________________.
Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can
build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of
rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of
the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
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III-5
42. _________________________. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved
in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.
Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we
know nothing.
43. _________________________. There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies
were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair
for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a
pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long
but some were 2 feet.
44. _________________________.Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and
important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home
of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one.
Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
45. _________________________.
About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out.
The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such
as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to
primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
[A] The shell fish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells
have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how
they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375
million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on
land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in
the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the
reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea,
and in the air.
[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and
spread over large areas of the world.
[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and
lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of
the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to
rocks.
[F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by
streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its
body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 B部分
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until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.
[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an
organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their
impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
3．已考真题展示（2005 & 2006）
[2005 年真题演示]
Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left
after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do
something, together, to reduce health-care costs.
They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which
are pharmaceutical costs.
41.__________________________________________________________________
What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care —to
say nothing of reports from other experts — recommended the creation of a national drug
agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs , bureaucracy,
procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources ,work with Ottawa, and
create a national institution.
42.__________________________________________________________________
But “national” doesn't have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial —
provinces combining efforts to create one body.
Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices,
if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province — or a series of hospitals
within a province — negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national
agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.
Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national
agency would negotiate on behalf 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the
potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.
43.__________________________________________________________________
A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the
Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the
provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs
should be included. Predictably and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.
A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly
Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings
attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere while drug costs
keep rising fast.
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44.__________________________________________________________________
Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more
federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug
agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try
to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”
45.__________________________________________________________________
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they
should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and
patients.
(720words)
A. Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates
for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has
seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent !
B. Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency
would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest
possible purchase prices from drug companies”
C. What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a
federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.
D. The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to
increase faster than government revenues.
E. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have
risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes
from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs
costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.
F. So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it,
starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative
costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better
drug prices.
G. Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can
lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another.
They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others
to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them
to deal with it.
总体分析
这种试题主要测试考生把握语篇结构和段（句）际关系的能力。这次的阅读文章属
于“问题解决型”，其语篇规律如下：提出问题或想象——分析造成的原因——分析产生
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 B部分
III-8
的影响——提出解决的方法。
本篇文章开头提出了问题：医疗成本太高，其中主要原因是药价太高；分析其原因
是医药公司有恃无恐，面对分别的顾客，他们可以获取高价，甚至还威胁说要搬到别的省
去，有些省长不认真对待，药价还是居高不下；于是提出解决办法：成立全国性代理机构，
集体与医药公司讨价还价，加之采取一些立法手段。
文章的脉络还是清晰的，出题者在整篇文章里抽出 5段，打乱顺序，排列在文章后，
又增添 2句，或是加工而成，或是来源于本篇文章之前或之后的部分。出题的人一般也是
抽出与前段联系紧密的段落，或是顺序性的，或是因果性的，或是转折性的。比较难做答
的就是与前段关系不太明显的段落，不易确定。
简单的说,本文的逻辑是这样的：医疗费用太高，需要降低；接着提出解决办法：成
立全国性机构。再讲到遇到的阻力，建议省长们采取立法措施。如果顺着这样的线索去思
考，选择需补充的段落就较容易。
[2006 年真题演示]
On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and
of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of
gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately
$175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of
gambling.
He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino
issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card”, which when used in the casino earns points for
meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams,
these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.
(41)______________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March
1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat
locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the
casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It
did know he had a problem.
In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center
for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gamblers. The casino included a
photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions”
letter. Noting the “medical/psychological” nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said
that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological
information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or
well-being.
(42) ______________.
The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun ... and
always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for
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III-9
counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit
charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling”, intentionally
worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will” well.
(43) ______________.
The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says
“pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money
than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.
(44) ______________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is
reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality
disorders akin to physical disabilities.
(45) ______________.
Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying
degrees dependent on ----- you might say addicted to ---- revenues from wagering. And since
the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’ dollars has
become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize
1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year,
gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.
[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to
pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being
detected.
[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense
was his will operative?
[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he
would quit.
[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was
broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important
and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.
[E] David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.
[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often
defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.
[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to
compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet
gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?
注：包括 05 年、06 年真题新题型在内的历年真题所有题型的答案详尽权威解
析，请认真研读《考研大趋势》系列丛书。
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 B部分
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附：大纲样本分析
本篇介绍的是史前类动物。文章结构的脉络非常清晰：首先介绍什么是史前动物和我
们研究史前动物的依据——化石，以及化石形成的过程。随后，作者即按照动物进化的顺
序——我们可以见到的化石的最早动物，水生壳类动物，脊椎类动物——逐一加以介绍。
41．[答案]B
[分析]文章一开始，作者告诉我们，早在人类出现以前地球上就有许多物种，现在有
些物种的后代依然生存，而另外一些则没有留下后裔。在本题空白处后面文章又说岩石上
偶尔会留下数百万年前就死掉了的动物的精确印记。显然，空白处应该是关于岩石与灭绝
了的动物之间的关系(7个选项中有[A]、[B]、[E]、[G]四项提到了”rock”)。此外，空白处
前面的”extinct”和”no descendant”均为否定意义的表达，而空白处的后面”accurate”
和”much”则为肯定意义的表达，这意味着空白处的内容应该有一个结构上的“转折”，因此
只有[B]项符合这一条件。
42．[答案]F
[分析]本题具有相当的难度。由于[G]项一开始就有“how fossils are preserved”，与上文
和下文似乎都是相吻合的；但是[G]项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织“organism"可能转
化成的几种形式，而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉我们“Nearly all of the fossils that we
know were preserved in rocks formed by water action”(岩石中几乎所有的化石都是由于水作
用而保存下来的)，因此两部分彼此不相吻合。只有[F]项——水冲泥沙对于化石保存下来
所起的作用——与上下文相符合。
43．[答案]E
[分析]本题选择的线索有两条：下文中有“There were also crab-like creatures．．．”，空
白处显然应该有关于另一类动物的内容；从本段开始，文章转向讨论由低级向高级变化(进
化)中的动物。[E]项开始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found．．．”，
符合文章写作的顺序。[B]项与上文相符，但与下文不符，且与全文结构不相吻合。
44．[答案]A
[分析]本题选择的主要根据是：下文一开始就有“Of these，...”，也就是说，空白部分
应该有“some，several，many”或类似的词，因此答案只能是[A]。
45．[答案]C
[分析]从文章的整体结构看，这里需要一个内容的“高潮”。前面几段中讲动物都在不
断地进化，而下文说“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”，这里需要有
一个起到过渡作用的段落，因此只有[C]项符合这一条件。另外，“Reptile”在本题空白处
前面的文章中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而作为正确答案的选项中一定
有这个词，所以正确答案只能是[C]。
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III-11
重要补充
1.解题技巧
1）就近寻找信息线索：每空前后的一、两个句子要做重点分析，把握意义，特别注意关
键词的重复或近义词的使用，如果空前后都重复出现了关键词或近义词，则说明要填入的
句子在意义上是顺接前句，在语言上，也会重复出现关键词或近义词；如果空前后的句子
在意义上出现了变化，在语言上未重复出现关键词，则空出来的句子为过渡性的句子；
2）选项中出现代词时，往往该选项往往不能放在首句，要注意备选句中代词的呼应及其
他起指代作用的词（特别注意指示代词：this, that, these, those; 人称代词：I, we, you, it, he,
she, they以及它们的宾格，所有格； here, there等的指代关系），找出它们在空前一句中
相呼应的名词（短语）；
it可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子；they或 them指代前面的复数名词；one指代前
面的单数可数名词；that指代前面的不可数名词或句子；this指代前面的单数名词或句子；
3）空出来的句子出现在段首时，在意义上多为概述性的句子；空出现在段中时，空出来
的句子在意义上多为细节性的句子；空出现在段尾时，空出来的句子在意义上为细节性的
句子或概述性的句子（次主题句）；
4）文章中使用了不同的时态，则空前后句中不同或相同时态的使用，也是一种重要的线
索。比如：选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。
2.应试分析 12原则：就近原则和衔接原则
1）复现原则：复现词汇、短语（包括同源词汇，词汇的不同词性形式、屈折变化形式等）
是解题的重要线索。
2）复指原则：同义替代、代词指代等。
3）顺序原则：选项部分填入后应该与上下文之间具有和谐的顺序，包括时间、空间、逻
辑等方面。
4）主题、扩展原则：首句和尾句通常适用此原则。做题依据是扩展句或例证句、类比句
等。如果主题句存在，可根据主题句推导扩展句。
5）因果原则：选项部分填入后与上下文之间具备因果关系。
6）转折原则：选项部分填入后与上下文之间具备转折关系。
7）类比原则：选项部分填入后与上下文之间具备类比关系。这类题目难度较大。
8）总述、分述原则：空缺部分为总述部分，根据分述部分进行反推。根据总述部分或其
他分述部分寻找线索。
9）对比原则：前后采取比对的方法展开写作，依此寻找线索。
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 B部分
III-12
10）承上启下原则：同时与上下文有直接联系。
11）例证原则：表明主题后用例子加以证明。
12）平行原则：空缺部分在内容或形式上与已有内容相似。
应该指出的是，在做题过程中，往往是多项原则并用，才能达到解题的目的。如果确
定某一选项填在某处合适，还可以通过其他原则加以验证。如果一时确定不了填哪一项，
可以暂且把几个可能的选项都填上，待后文有线索后再排除。
Alternative Two: 段落排序题
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41--45, you are
required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A--E to
fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
1.段落排序题解题思路
该题型是一个排序题。要求考生将一组段落排序，使其意思通顺。这就要求考生在阅
读各个段落时要把握它们的中心大意，并将各段的大意整合，理清它们之间的逻辑顺序。
Step 1：确定主题和话题。 主题贯穿全文，话题承上启下，没有话题就找不到段落
之间的逻辑关系，因此，寻找文章的主题和段落的话题至关重要。寻找文章的主题和话题
要靠关键信息句和信号词，通常主题和话题可以浓缩成一个话题词来把握。话题词确定以
后，找出段落之间的逻辑关系就不难了。
Step 2：确定做题顺序。 应通过认真研读文章的首段和结束段，找出全文章的主题
和话题后，首先确认 41题的所谈话题。只有确定 41题的答案后，才有可能做对后四道题
的答案。跳跃式做题对于排序题来说是大忌。
Step 3：缩小做题范围。 可以先从文章的整体性上把握每个选项段落，将段落整合
成几个整体，缩小作题范围。即根据主题和话题的导向作用，根据文章各个段落之间的逻
辑关系，可以将选项中 2段或 3段合并为一段，也就是将 5个段落的排序简化为 3个段落
甚至是 2个段落的排序，这样既降低了做题的难度，又可以提高做题的准确度，考生应在
实战训练中用要这个解题技巧。
Step 4：重视段落的第一句和最后一句。每段都要认真研读第 1句和最后一句（包
括已给出序号的文章首段和结束段，包括 5个选项段落），这对正确解题很重要。每个段
落的承上启下主要靠相对应的第 1句和最后一句顺序连接。只有读懂了第1句和最后一句，
才能把文章的连贯性和一致性要求落到实处，进而选出正确答案。
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III-13
Step 5: 牢记排序原则。 排序的原则和根据是什么？总的来说，主题、承上启下、
文章的逻辑顺序和整体性是排序的四大原则。
2.大纲样题展示
[A] "I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch
and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay
some people off in the near future. It' s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging
because it isn’t ---- it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.
[B] "Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their
paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more
likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some
specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to
fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.
[C] "I've got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young,
inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to
like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the
apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other
emergencies.
[D] "Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a
performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair --- too many other things are involved.
Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t
necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of
the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward
for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.
[E] "The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork,
and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of
attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be
highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or
incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases
than any other factor.
[F] "So I just don’t know what to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years.
And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in
my future work. "
[G] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for
administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one
of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation --- how we can get public servants
motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the
discussion.
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 B部分
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Order:
G → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → 45. → F
试题分析
这篇样题中共有 7个段落，其中有两个段落在文章的位置已给出，分别是篇首和篇尾。
首段说的是：一个大都市的市政府召开各部门管理人员研讨会。有一个研讨会讨论的话题
是如何激励公务员做好工作。在讨论中，一位警察局警长遇到的难题成了谈堆的焦点。除
了这段话，其他段的话都有引号，表明是某人说的话。尾段说到：“所以我不知道如何是
好。多年来我一直在黑暗中探索。我希望这次研讨会能给我的难题带来启示，能帮我应对
未来的工作。”很明显，这是发言的总结句。结合第一段的内容，我们可以知道，引号里
的话是警察局警长的话，而整篇文章主要讲的是他面临的难题。
接着，我们看 A到 E 段，哪一段像发言的起始段呢?这就要看是哪一段把讨论的话题
引入。我们可以主要看每段的第一句话。我们会发现[C]段第一句话直截了当地点出话题：
“I’ve got a real problem with my officers”，而且与首段的最后一句连接自然，所以我们可
以断定 41题空中应该填[C]。
[C]段的第一句话后，警长开始评价他的职员。这一段的内容较为正面。因为警长说
“有一个难题”，按逻辑顺序，下一个段落应该出现转折，提出职员中存在的问题。依照
这样的思路，我们在剩下的段落中寻找，可以发现下一段选[E]连接最自然。[C]段先表扬
职员对公众的事积极、热心，但是“The problem occurs when they get back to the station”(一
回到警局问题就出现了)。什么问题呢?“They hate to do the paperwork．．．”警长说出了问
题的关键——他们不喜欢写公文。警长还进一步说明了这个问题带来的麻烦。说明了问题，
警长又是怎么去解决的呢?他的解决方式是否奏效?顺着这个思路，我们可以找出下两段的
顺序是[A]项和[B]项。警长是毫无办法。难道就一点办法也没有吗?其他人是怎么看的?
在[D]段中，警长提到有人建议通过胜诉记录来评价，他们也进行过小组之间的比赛，但
是没有什么效果。所以，警长殷切地希望能在研讨会上得到启发和帮助。按照这样的思路，
这些段落就组成了一篇通顺、完整的文章。
考生在做这样的题型时，如果没有把握，可以多列出几种可能的顺序，然后根据这些
顺序重读文章，看是否思路顺畅。完成此类题目关键要把握文章的主要话题和基本的逻辑
顺序。
3.已考真题展示（2011 年）
Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are
required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and
filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark
your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
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III-15
[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities.
You can, Mr. Menand points out, become a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four.
But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not
surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on.
These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major
in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading
American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas
that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general
education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes, “the great books are read because
they have been read”-----they form a sort of social glue.
[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered
graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to
produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English
departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer
students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing, many humanities
students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.
[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the
insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education
should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties.
Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future
doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a
professional qualification.
[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have
professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded
the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching
hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a
doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of
American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues
Mr. Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are
transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the
production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 B部分
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[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which
“the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think
dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and
criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and
more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand does not say.
[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in
the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral
degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in
American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University,
captures it skillfully.
Order:
G → 41. → 42. → E → 43. → 44 → 45.
注：2011年真题新题型的答案解析，请认真研读《考研大趋势》上的详尽权威讲解。
Alternative Three: 实例（论据）匹配题
Directions:
You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples.
Choose the best example from the list A--F for each numbered subheading (41--45). There is
one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10
points)
1.实例（论据）匹配题解题思路
这一题型主要考查考生区分论点、论据，把握论点论据一致性的能力。如下面的样题
所示，该题型要求考生根据文章内容，从多个选项中找到能支持相应论点的论据。这就要
求考生理解各个论点／观点的重点和含义，并能找出与论点一致的论据 (实例说明、细节
叙述等)。
Step 1: 通读全文，了解大意。 在开始答题前，先应快速通读全文，了解文章的大
意.抓住文章的中心思想以及句与句、段与段之间的相互关系，尤其注意文章中给出的小
标题。
Step 2: 重视小标题。 文章中作者为了清晰地表达自己的观点，按照逻辑顺序列出
了小标题。每个小标题一般还给出了解释和举例。一般小标题都较短，所以一定要读懂小
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III-17
标题所指的内容才能去选项。值得注意的是，英语文章中的小标题不一定等同于论点或段
落总结句。有些情况下，一些小标题只是为了吸引读者的注意力，用词夸张，还有一些小
标题只是突出文章的某一方面内容。因此考生在做题时，应将小标题和正文内容相结合，
以保证准确理解作者的观点。
Step 3: 带着小标题，去找对应事例或论据。 一般情况下，这类新题型都是给出一
个小标题，但都把对应的例子或论据剥离出来，所以一定要带着小标题去寻找与之相贴切
的例子或论据，使其还原，恢复文章本来面目。一定要牢牢把握事例或论据与小标题之间
的一一对应关系。这种对应关系或是从关键的信息词中显现出来，或是以相关的事件或论
据来体现
Step 4: 重读全文，验证选项正确。 在确定好选项，并在空白处填入相应的号码后，
应从头到尾重读原文，检查小标题与所选例证之间是否贴切，并与上下文是否衔接，时态、
语态以及文章上、下自然段之间是否还原文章本色。
2.大纲样题展示
The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There
are two kinds. One is the familiar "tombstone" that lists where you went to school and where
you've worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the "functional" resume ---
descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.
It's handy to have a "tombstone" for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw
away most of those unrequested "tombstone" lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than
the dead.
What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read ----- a resume that
makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.
41. Put yourself first:
In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important
about yourself.
42. Sell what you can do, not who you are:
Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements
into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.
Toot your own horn!
Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at
all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to
punch --- if only you show it.
43. Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!
Remember that "brevity is the best policy."
44. Turn bad news into good:
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 B部分
III-18
Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the
positive side.
45. Never apologize:
If you’re returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short
paragraph ( summary of background) in place of a chronology of experience. Don’t apologize
for working at being a mother; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or
higher education, just don’t mention education.
The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or
five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in
your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all
means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the
meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your
cluster of accomplishments (leadership skills, budget management skills, child development
skills etc. ) Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start
writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks,
before you’re ready to show it to a stranger (friends are usually too kind) for a reaction. When
you’re satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an
employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.
Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for you?
[A] A woman who lost her job as a teacher’s aide due to a cutback in government funding
wrote:" Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher’s aide she would rehire if
government funds became available."
[B]One resume I received included the following: "invited by my superior to straighten out
our organization's accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts
weekly, and improved cash flow 100 percent. Rewarded with raise and promotion." Notice how
this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward
--- all in 34 words.
[C] For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have
money management skills.
[D]An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the
statement "Ready to learn though not so well educated".
[E] One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote three resumes in three different styles
in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights
skills and education background.
[F]A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. She agreed to
work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a
20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn’t in her resume. She answered, "It
wasn’t important." What she was really saying of course was "I’m not important."
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III-19
试题分析
这是一篇说明如何写好个人简历的文章。文章语言风趣幽默，例子生动贴切，是一篇
可读性很强的美文。题目中把例子从文章中剥离出来，要求考生能将其还原，恢复美文本
色。
首先，我们要通读全文，了解大意。作者在文中强调好的简历应该是“functional”，应
该是读起来有趣，具有个性的。在文章中，作者给出了具体的招数。每个招数都有小标题，
解释和举例。在这儿，考生应该明白的是，英语文章中的小标题不一定等同于论点或段落
总结句。小标题一般都较短，较简洁，有些小标题为了吸引读者注意力，用词较夸张，或
者只突出文章的一方面。所以考生在做题时，不能慌慌张张地看了小标题就去找答案。应
该结合正文理解观点的含义。
第一点，“Put yourself first”。字面意思是把自己往前放。什么意思呢?下面的句子进
行了解释，“要想让自己的简历使读的人充满热情，那么你首先就要觉得自己是个人物”。
选项中哪个能进一步说明这一点呢?论证方法是多样的。作者举例说明时，可能从正面角
度，也可能从反面角度。[F]项就是从反面说明了第一个观点。作者通过例子说明，不要
认为自己做过的事情不值一提，瞧不起自己的人别人又怎么会重视呢?
第二点，“Sell what you can do，not who you are”。要强调能力而不是性格。下面的文
字进一步说明了，“要学会把自己的个性和成就诠释成具体的技能，世界上有至少 5000
种技能” (意思是，你总能找到一种自己拥有的技能)。文后的例子中只有[C]项最贴切，
“例如，如果你有节约、投资、管理钱财的天分，那么你拥有理财的能力。”
第三点，“Be specific，be concrete，and briefly!”一言以蔽之：简洁。哪个选项说明了
这一点呢?[B)项以一个成功的例子说明了这点，一位女士仅用了 34 个词就把重点说明白
了。
第四点，“Turn bad news into good”(将坏消息变成好消息)。这不是要让人颠倒黑白，
下面解释道：“每个人在工作中总有不尽如人意的地方。如果要提到这些事，那么从积极、
正面的角度去看。”[A]选项就是一个正面的例子。一个女助教因为政府缩减资金而被解雇。
这似乎不大光彩，但是这位女士谈起此事时却用了另一个角度，“校长说了，如果政府的
资金够的话，她第一个重聘的就是我”，字里行间洋溢着自信。
第五点，“Never apologize”(不要道歉)。下面的文字举例说明了，要扬长避短。每个
人都有短处，没有必要为自己的短处羞愧。求职就是要让雇主看到自己的闪光点，个人简
历不是进行道歉的地方。[D]项以一个失败的例子说明了这一点：作者的一位朋友说他求
职时遭到了歧视，因为他的简历中写了“好学，但教育程度不高”。
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 B部分
III-20
Alternative Four: 论点归纳题
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic
community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A--F for each numbered paragraph
(41--45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading
which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
1.论点归纳题解题思路
该题型考查的是考生把握主旨大意，进行概括总结的能力。如样题所示，该题型要
求考生为文章中的若干段落选出最恰当的小标题。其实，就是要求考生选出最能概括段
落主题或要点的标题。
Step 1: 重视题目指令的点睛之处。 题目的点睛之处在于它概括了文章的中心，明
确告诉你文章人说些什么，把试题的内容限定一个特定的范围，考生也就在做题时会针
对一个特定的内容来有针对性地选小标题。
Step 2: 对 6 个选项进行仔细辨认。 阅读 6 个选项，不但要弄懂其意思，更要牢
记关键词。对于多余一个选项的识别，重要在于首先看它是否游离于中心，其次看它是
否有别于文章的文本。
Step 3: 根据全文的中心概括出一段的小标题。概括能力是本题要考查的重点所在。
所谓的小标题，是段落的主题、要点，也可能是一个引导向。比如一个问句，全段都围
绕这一问句进行综合阐述。
2.大纲样题展示
[A] What to do as a student?
[B] Various definitions of plagiarism
[C] Ideas should always be sourced
[D] Ignorance can be forgiven
[E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
[F] The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings
about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term
plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply
stated, plagiarism is" the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as one' s own of
the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another."
41.____________________.
The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the
punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In
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III-21
the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws,
the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of
scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the
academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and
copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42.____________________.
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by
being self-critical in their use of other scholars' ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the
source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least
three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students' inexactness in identifying sources
properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
43. ____________________.
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to
decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a
lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with
colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common
knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism
must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being
severely punished.
44. ____________________.
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do
not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation
-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography, are easily learned and can prevent the
writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although there is no
copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them, the writer cannot plead ignorance
when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45. ____________________.
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited
by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his
own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such
words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of
plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make
use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources.
Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize
and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are
borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will
admire the humility and honesty.
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 B部分
III-22
试题分析
这篇文章的内容是关于学术抄袭。整篇文章层次分明，语言简练。通读全文，我们知
道作者主要介绍了什么是抄袭，它的后果，以及应该怎样做。
文章第 1段给抄袭下了定义。接着，第 2段，也就是要选择小标题的第 l段说明了抄
袭在不同情况下会受到不同的处罚。在 6个选项中，[F]项(抄袭的后果)最贴切。
下 1段又说到，学生们应该避免抄袭。而造成抄袭又可以分为 3种情况：偶然、无知
和故意。接下来的几段就是对这 3种情况的进一步介绍。了解了这些段落的大意，考生就
可以选出剩下的答案了。
也许考生在 43题和 44题上会选错，看到 44题所处段落中有“ignorance”这个词就选
了 [D]。但是该段强调的是作者都应该学会标注引用的来源，如果没有标注，免不了要受
到抨击。43题所处段落中说，这种抄袭的情况是最轻的一种，是可以饶恕的，所以[D]选
项最贴切。
3．已考真题展示（2007 年英语一 & 2013 年英语二）
[2007 年英语一真题演示]
[A] Set a Good Example for Your Kids
[B] Build Your Kids’Work Skills
[C] Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities
[D] Talk About The Future on a Regular Basis
[E] Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies
[F] Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are
[G] Build Your Kids’ Sense of Responsibility
How Can a Parent Help ?
Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.
Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid
content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready
for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes,
that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness”:
41.____________________
You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging
strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulties
in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming
back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.
42.____________________
Kids need a range of authentic role models ----- as opposed to members of their clique, pop
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III-23
stars and vaunlted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family
knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career
and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they
want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their
minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.
43.____________________
Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for
teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework
deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice
delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and
setting priorities.
44.____________________
Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with
canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time,
listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to
stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the
growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop
the kinds of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.
45.____________________
They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They
should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think
critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply
these skills to everyday life situations.
What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering
aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more
delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should
exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive
or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future.
Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that
appreciates them.
[2013 年英语二真题演示]
[A] Live like a peasant [B] Balance your diet
[C] Shopkeepers are your friends [D] Remember to treat yourself
[E] Stick to what you need [F] Planning is everything
[G] Waste not, want not
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 B部分
III-24
The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good
food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on
food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a year working in corporate communications
and eating at London's benefit restaurants'" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his
career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental health team saved
my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well.
It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing." Now he's
living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll
carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can — "there are so many people in a
much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food" — but eating well on a budget.
Here's his advice for economical foodies.
41._____________________
Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping
lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of
breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your
diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll
sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.
42____________________________________________________________
This is where supermarkets and the anonymity come in handy. With them, there's not the
same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly,
you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever
weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.
43_________
You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not good enough.
Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate
wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening
to "go off' will be cooked or juiced.
44___________________________________
Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and
fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable
asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and
fish heads for stock which, more often than not, They’ll let you have for free.
45__________________
You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat
yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - £1.75 a week for three months gives you £21 -
more than" enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's £16.95 there - or
£12.99 for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.
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III-25
Alternative Five: 连线题
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose
the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two
extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
(10 points)
英语二 2011年试题
Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting
public health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes” on unhealthy food and introduce
cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.
The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley,
who insisted the government couldn’t force people to make healthy choices and promised to
free businesses from public health regulations.
But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict
advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by
fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.
They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy
food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence
Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the
consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or exercise
drinking.
“Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in
the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as
courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be,” said he leader of the UK’s
children’s doctors.
Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than
governments to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a
central role in the Change for Life Campaign, the centerpiece of government efforts to boost
healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver’s high-profile
attempt to improve school launches in England as an example of how “lecturing” people was
not the best way to change their behavior.
Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for
foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. “If we
were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as
cigarettes — by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of
sports events,” he said.
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 B部分
III-26
Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching
scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering
“inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers,
Stephenson said.
Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children
are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at
least information is available up front.”
He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals —
areas within which takeaways cannot open.
A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public
health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating
a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation.
Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves,
especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking
over the last decade.
[A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers
such as McDonald’s.
41. Andrew Lansley held that [B] the government should ban fast-food outlets in the
neighbor-hood of schools.
42. Terence Stephenson agreed
that
[C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school
lunches in England.
43. Jamie Oliver seemed to
believe that
[D] cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to
children about the dangers of a poor diet.
44. Dinesh Bhugra suggested that [E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute
significantly to the Change for Life Campaign.
45. A Department of Health
Spokesperson proposed that
[F] parents should set good examples for their children by
keeping a healthy diet at home.
[G] the government should strengthen the sense of respons
ibility among businesses.
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III-27
英语二 2012年试题
“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom
the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian Thomas Carlyle. Well,
not any more it is not.
Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be
no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now
approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling
their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.
From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the
exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris
Illustribus – On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch
celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical
tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning,
ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful
leaders.
Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading
painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience
rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a
catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples
which they furnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast
integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote
Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"His biographies of James Walt,
Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man
through his difficult life.
This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly
heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures
represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than
mere mortals.
Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto existing society
is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engel in The Communist Manifesto. For them,
history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real, living
man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of
struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power
relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it
just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under
circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”
This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of
Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History
启航考研英语名师讲义——阅读理解 B部分
III-28
from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding —
from gender to race to cultural studies — were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity
of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as
upstairs.
[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
41. Petrarch [B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.
42. Niccolo Machiavellli [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.
43. Samuel Smiles [D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.
44. Thomas Carlyle [E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record
of struggle.
45. Marx and Engels [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.
[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineer industrialists and explorers
新题型是拉开分数差距的题型，想考高分的同学必须每种题型都精练 3到
5篇；而后大量练习，必能做题速度快而且准确率高。
关于新题型的精练，请认真研读《考研大趋势》（系列之二）上对新题型
题的详尽解析。
关于大量练习新题型每种题型的模拟题，请认真做《考研大趋势》（系列
之三）上的新题型练习题。
《考研大趋势》系列丛书，请点击:
http://jiqimaobaobao.taobao.com/