概要信息：

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六级阅读讲义
主讲：屠皓民
欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材
 
 
一、考试基本流程
14:25 入场
15:00 -15:10 发放答题卡
15:10 -15:40 Writing (15%)
15:40 -15:55 Speed Reading (10%)
15:55 -16:00 收答题卡1 (作文+快速阅读 )
16:00 -16:35 Listening (35%)
16:35 -17:00 Reading in Depth
        Section A 简答题 (5%)
        Section B 仔细阅读 (20%)
17:00 -17:15 Cloze (10%)
17:15 -17:20 Translation (5%)
二、阅读难点
速度
1. 25分钟完成三篇阅读理解（每篇8分钟）
2. 文章篇幅
 2006.12 / 420  2007.6  / 472   2007.12 / 430 
 2008.6  / 441   2008.12 / 435  2009.6  / 427
 2009.12 / 461  2010.6  / 456   2010.12 / 464
 2011.6 / 449    2011.12 / 447
   平均：450
词汇
Cardiovascular   心血管的
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Industry         工业，产业；勤奋
Handle          门把手；解决
Discipline       纪律；学科
Square          广场；平方；正方形
  Be there or be square.   不见不散
选材
Economist《经济学家》（英）
   Guardian 《卫报》 （英）
   Newsweek《新闻周刊》（美）
   New York Times《纽约时报》（美）
   Time《时代周刊》（美）
   USA Today 《今日美国》（美）
Washington Post 《华盛顿邮报》（美）
2
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三、阅读整体解题过程
读题
︱
关键词定位
／       ＼
定位明确       定位宽泛
︱              ︱
区域核心解题       出题原则解题
区域核心解题：
1以定位词的所在句及后句为核心
2若后句后面出现转折词，则扩大至后后句
3若本后句在段尾，没有提到相关信息，则看前句及下段首句
1. 出题原则一 举例
(1) 形式：数字、年代、引言（实验过程）
(2) 作用：论证观点（实验结果）
(3) 论点论据位置：
* 多段：忽略有举例的段落
* 一段：for example/for instance观点在前
        prove/show/discover 观点在后
2. 出题原则二 特殊标点 
冒号、破折号  总结说明
构词方式: appraise 
Accustom/ accompany/ affix
Affirm/ appropriate/ assimilating
3. 出题原则三 转折（强对比）
but / however / still / yet /
unfortunately/ ironically 
in fact /  on the contrary /  by contrast
4. 出题原则四 排序
on the one hand…on the other hand…
for one thing…for another thing…
first…second…third…
 实战演练
In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can 
3
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harm us the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive," 
says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing 
information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元) deep in the brain 
known as the amygdala (扁桃核).     
LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form 
memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the 
brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala 
appraised a situation—I think this charging dog wants to bite me—and triggers a response by 
radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: 
trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.    
构词方式   
appraise 评估、评价、表扬
音缀accustom/accompany/affix/affirm/appropriate/assimilating
charge: 负责 in charge of
          充电 charge the battery
          收费 free of charge
          指控 be charged with murder
          向……冲去 charge for
This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether 
beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into 
a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."    
Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened 
in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our 
hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry.     
That's not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. "When used properly, worry is an incredible 
device," he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action-like 
having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.     
Hallowell insists, though, that there's a right way to worry. "Never do it alone, get the facts and 
then make a plan," he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so we're familiar with the belt-
tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.     
Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it's been 
difficult to get facts about how we should respond. That's why Hallowell believes it was okay for 
people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro and buying gas 
masks.
52. The "so-called fight-or-flight response" (Line2, Para. 1) refers to "________". 猜词
A) the biological process in which human beings' sense of self-defense evolves
B) the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential danger
C) the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decision
4
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D) the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information
53. Form the studies conducted by LcDoux we learn that __________. 定位宽泛
A) reactions of humans and animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictable
B) memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distress
C) people's unpleasant memories are derived from their feelings of fear
D) the amygdale plays a vital part in human and animal responses to potential danger
54.Form the passage we know that__________. 定位宽泛
A) a little worry will do us good if handled properly    
B) a little worry will enable us to survive a recession
C) fear strengthens the human desire to survive danger   
D) fear helps people to anticipate certain future events
55. Which of the following is the best way to deal with your worries according to 
Hallowell?定位明确
A) Ask for help-from the people around you.       
B) Use the belt-tightening strategies for survival.
C) Seek professional advice and take action.      
D) Understand the situation and be fully prepared.
56. In Hallowell's view, people's reaction to the terrorist threat last fall was _________. 定位明确
A) ridiculous       B) understandable     C) over-cautious    D) sensiblePassage 
*先看中文，确定内容     *区域解题
解题流程：
阅读题干
（1） 确定题型
（2） 圈定关键词
主旨题、猜词题、推论题、态度题
               +
           细节题（70%）
2. 五大题型
① “…”(Line X, Para.X) 
      题型：猜词题   
② attitude
      题型：态度题
③ main idea
   the best title
   the writing purpose
      题型：主旨题  
We can infer from 
5
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* the passage that ___（推论题）
  * the event of Sept. 11, 2001 that ___ （细节题）
④  We can learn from the passage that….
    According to the passage, we can know 
    We can conclude from the passage …
       题型：推论题  10% 
       特征：没有关键词，答案是对文章的同义改写或推导
 实战演练
The percentage of immigrants (including those unlawfully present) in the United states has been 
creeping upward for years. At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than at any point since the mid1920s. 
We are not about to go back to the days when Congress openly worried about inferior races 
polluting America’s bloodstream. But once again we are wondering whether we have too many of 
the wrong sort newcomers. Their loudest critics argue that the new wave of immigrants cannot, 
and indeed do not want to, fit in as previous generations did. 
We now know that these racist views were wrong. In time, Italians, Romanians and members of 
other so-called inferior races became exemplary Americans and contributed greatly, in ways too 
numerous to detail, to the building of this magnificent nation. There is no reason why these new 
immigrants should not have the same success. 
Although children of Mexican immigrants do better, in terms of educational and professional 
attainment, than their parents UCLA sociologist Edward Telles has found that the gains don’t 
continue. Indeed, the fouth generation is marginally worse off than the third James Jackson, of the 
University of Michigan, has found a similar trend among black Caribbean immigrants, Tells fears 
that Mexican-Americans may be fated to follow in the footsteps of American blacks-that large 
parts of the community may become mired(陷入)in a seemingly permanent state of poverty and 
Underachievement. Like African-Americans, Mexican-Americans are increasingly relegated to 
(降入)segregated, substandard schools, and their dropout rate is the highest for any ethnic group in 
the country. 
We have learned much about the foolish idea of excluding people on the presumption of the 
ethnic/racial inferiority. But what we have not yet learned is how to make the process of 
Americanization work for all. I am not talking about requiring people to learn English or to adopt 
American ways; those things happen pretty much on their own, but as arguments about 
immigration hear up the campaign trail, we also ought to ask some broader question about 
assimilation, about how to ensure that people , once outsiders , don’t forever remain marginalized 
within these shores. 
That is a much larger question than what should happen with undocumented workers, or how best 
to secure the border, and it is one that affects not only newcomers but groups that have been here 
for generations. It will have more impact on our future than where we decide to set the admissions 
bar for the latest ware of would-be Americans. And it would be nice if we finally got the answer 
6
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right. 
57. How were immigrants viewed by U.S. Congress in early days? 
A) They were of inferior races. 
B) They were a Source of political corruption. 无中生有
C) They were a threat to the nation’s security. 
D) They were part of the nation’s bloodstream. 与文中信息相反
⑤ 细节题  70-80%
特征：有关键词，答案在文章的表层
A. 照搬原文
B. 句式变换
C. 同义改写
3. 三类关键词：
 [1] 显性关键词：大写、数字、年代、时间、连字符单词等
 [2] 谓语结构（动宾短语）
 [3] 主语或核心名词
 实战演练
Multivitamins
For years, doctors advised their patients that the only thing taking multivitamins does is give them 
expensive urine (尿). After all, true vitamin deficiencies are practically unheard of in 
industrialized countries. Now it seems those doctors may have been wrong. The results of a 
growing number of studies suggest that even a modest vitamin shortfall can be harmful to your 
health. Although proof of the benefits of multivitamins is still far from certain, the few dollars you 
spend on them is probably a good investment. 
Or at least that's the argument put forward in the New England Journal of Medicine. Ideally, say 
Dr. Walter Willett and Dr. Meir Stampfer of Harvard, all vitamin supplements would be evaluated 
in scientifically rigorous clinical trials. But those studies can take a long time and often raise 
more questions than they answer. At some point, while researchers work on figuring out where the 
truth lies, it just makes sense to say the potential benefit outweighs the cost. 
The best evidence to date concerns folate, one of the B vitamins. It's been proved to limit the 
number of defects in embryos ( 胚胎 ), and a recent trial found that folate in combination with 
vitamin B 12 and a form of B6 also decreases the re-blockage of arteries after surgical repair. 
The news on vitamin E has been more mixed. Healthy folks who take 400 international units daily 
for at least two years appear somewhat less likely to develop heart disease. But when doctors give 
vitamin E to patients who already have heart disease, the vitamin doesn't seem to help. It may turn 
out that vitamin E plays a role in prevention but cannot undo serious damage. 
Despite vitamin C's great popularity, consuming large amounts of it still has not been positively 
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linked to any great benefit. The body quickly becomes saturated with C and simply excretes ( 
排泄 ) any excess. 
The multivitamins question boils down to this: Do you need to wait until all the evidence is in 
before you take them, or are you willing to accept that there's enough evidence that they don't hurt 
and could help? 
If the latter, there's no need to go to extremes and buy the biggest 'horse pills or the most 
expensive bottles. Large doses can cause trouble, including excessive bleeding and nervous 
system problems. 
Multivitamins are no substitute for exercise and a balanced diet, of course. As long as you 
understand that any potential benefit is modest and subject to further refinement, taking a daily 
multivitamin makes a lot of sense. 
21. At one time doctors discouraged taking multivitamins because they believed that 
multivitamins____. 
A) could not easily be absorbed by the human body 
B) were potentially harmful to people's health 
C) were too expensive for daily consumption 
D) could not provide any cure for vitamin deficiencies 
At one time 曾经
=the traditional view
  = the conventional view
=the popular belief               “旧观点”
  =tend to believe
  =used to think 
*文章可能会给出一个新观点，或者新旧观点的对比（now/nowadays）
例题1：
A recent study analyzed the providers who treat Medicare 
beneficiaries（老年医保受惠人）. The startling finding was that the average Medicare 
patient saw a total of seven doctors—two primary care physicians and five specialists—in a 
given year. Contrary to popular belief, the more physicians taking care of you don’t 
guarantee better care. Actually, increasing fragmentation of care results in a corresponding 
rise in cost and medical errors.
58. We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that __________.
A) the more costly the medicine, the more effective the cure
B) seeing more doctors may result in more diagnostic errors
C) visiting doctors on a regular basis ensures good health
D) the more doctors taking care of a patient, the better
例题2：
Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn’t harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmers 
and improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has 
shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped create 
patches of rich, fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today.
8
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11. We learn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that .
A) it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforest
B) it destroys rainforest soils
C) it helps improve rainforest soils
D) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils
22. According to the author, clinical trials of vitamin supplements____. 
A) often result in misleading conclusions 
B) take time and will not produce conclusive results 
C) should be conducted by scientists on a larger scale 
D) appear to be a sheer waste of time and resources 
Study = survey = research = experiment = analyze  研究
Result in  导致
= contribute to 
= be responsible for 
=account for 
= give rise to
=give birth to 
=lead to 
=cause 
=breed 
23. It has been found that vitamin E_____. 
A) should be taken by patients regularly and persistently 
B) can effectively reduce the recurrence of heart disease 
C) has a preventive but not curative effect on heart disease 
D) should be given to patients with heart disease as early as possible 
*    heart disease/ attack心脏病
diabetes 糖尿病
stroke 中风
cancer 癌症
obesity 肥胖
hot pot 火锅
hot hot hot 麻辣烫 
chocolate hot pot/ cheese hot pot 
24. It can be seen that large doses of multivitamins_____. 
A) may bring about serious side effects 
B) may help prevent excessive bleeding 
C) are likely to induce the blockage of arteries 
D) are advisable for those with vitamin deficiencies 
side effects 副作用  blockage 阻塞
25. The author concludes the passage with the advice that_____. 
A) the benefit of daily multivitamin intake outweighs that of exercise and a balanced diet 
B) it's risky to take multivitamins without knowing their specific function 
C) the potential benefit of multivitamins can never be overestimated 
D) it's reasonable to take a rational dose of multivitamins daily
9
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*advice= suggestion/ proposal/ recommendation
通常属于推论题，答案一般在文章最后
4. 推论题
(1) 分类
区域推论：依次而下的区间
      From the passage we can learn that ____
段落推论：某段或某段中的某句话
      We can learn from the third paragraph that __
(2) 错误选项的特征
    ①违背常理
    ②出现绝对词：all / never / only / exclusively / uniquely / solely / absolutely / always / too 
    ③出现文中没有体现的比较级和最高级 (growing / increasingly)
(3) 推论题原文出现长状语从句，抓住句子主体信息（主句），略读辅助信息（从句）。
Senior Citizen Discounts
Age has its privileges in America, and one of the more prominent of them is the senior citizen 
discount. Anyone who has reached a certain age — in some cases as low as 55 — is automatically 
entitled to dazzling array of price reductions at nearly every level of commercial life. Eligibility is 
determined not by one’s need but by the date on one’s birth certificate. Practically unheard of a 
generation ago, the discounts have become a routine part of many businesses — as common as 
color televisions in motel rooms and free coffee on airliners.
　
People with gray hair often are given the discounts without even asking for them; yet, millions of 
Americans above age 60 are healthy and solvent（有支付能力的）. Businesses that would never 
dare offer discounts to college students or anyone under 30 freely offer them to older Americans. 
The practice is acceptable because of the widespread belief that “elderly” and “needy” are 
synonymous（同义的）. Perhaps that once was true, but today elderly Americans as a group 
have a lower poverty rate than the rest of the population. To be sure, there is economic diversity 
within the elderly, and many older Americans are poor. But most of them aren’t.
It is impossible to determine the impact of the discounts on individual companies. For many firms, 
they are a stimulus to revenue. But in other cases the discounts are given at the expense, directly 
or indirectly, of younger Americans. Moreover, they are a direct irritant in what some politicians 
and scholars see as a coming conflict between the generations.
Generational tensions are being fueled by continuing debate over Social Security benefits, which 
mostly involves a transfer of resources from the young to the old. Employment is another sore 
point. Buoyed（支持）by laws and court decisions, more and more older Americans are 
declining the retirement dinner in favor of staying on the job — thereby lessening employment 
and promotion opportunities for younger workers.
Far from a kind of charity they once were, senior citizen discounts have become a formidable 
economic privilege to a group with millions of members who don’t need them.
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It no longer makes sense to treat the elderly as a single group whose economic needs deserve 
priority over those of others. Senior citizen discounts only enhance the myth that older people 
can’t take care of themselves and need special treatment; and they threaten the creation of a new 
myth, that the elderly are ungrateful and taking for themselves at the expense of children and other 
age groups. Senior citizen discounts are the essence of the very thing older Americans are fighting 
against — discrimination by age.
　　26. We learn from the first paragraph that _______.
　　A ) offering senior citizens discounts has become routine commercial practice
　　B ) senior citizen discounts have enabled many old people to live a decent life
　　C ) giving senior citizens discounts has boosted the market for the elderly
　　D ) senior citizens have to show their birth certificates to get a discount
27. What assumption lies behind the practice of senior citizen discounts?
　　A ) Businesses, having made a lot of profits, should do something for society in return.
　　B ) Old people are entitled to special treatment for the contribution they made to society.
　　C ) The elderly, being financially underprivileged, need humane help from society.
　　D ) Senior citizen discounts can make up for the inadequacy of the Social Security system.
28. According to some politicians and scholars, senior citizen discounts will _______.
　　A ) make old people even more dependent on society
　　B ) intensify conflicts between the young and the old
　　C ) have adverse financial impact on business companies
　　D ) bring a marked increase in the companies’ revenues
　　29. How does the author view the Social Security system?
　　A ) It encourages elderly people to retire in time.
　　B ) It opens up broad career prospects for young people.
　　C ) It benefits the old at the expense of the young.
　　D ) It should be reinforced by laws and court decisions.
　　30. Which of the following best summarizes the author’s main argument?
　　A ) Senior citizens should fight hard against age discrimination.
　　B ) The elderly are selfish and taking senior discounts for granted.
　　C ) Priority should be given to the economic needs of senior citizens.
　　D ) Senior citizen discounts may well be a type of age discrimination.
5. 主旨题
（1）出题形式 
* main idea / central idea / mainly talk about / mainly discuss 中心思想
* the best title / the appropriate title 最佳标题
* the writing purpose 写作目的
* sum up / summarize 总结
（2）解题方法
* 阅读文首（3句）
* 对比选项 
1. 必须抽象概括，不能出现具体信息
2. 避免过度推导，引申观点
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3. 不会出现“花开两朵”的现象
* 理解文尾 （开头若是举例或出过题，答案通常移至文尾） 
 实战演练
Agricultural Sustainability
Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and 
economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions 
behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where 
sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper 
appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.
To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly 
throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, 
clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it 
is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. 
In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.
Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas 
led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe 
and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing 
biodiversity.
What’s more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting 
it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and 
industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.
All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in 
the 20th.this will require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that 
traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the 
notion that agriculture can be “zero impact”. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and 
static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without 
increasing damage.
Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons of all the 
various way land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance 
besides food yield, energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and 
biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the 
UK Is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do 
not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.
What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food 
production.
52. How do people often measure progress in agriculture?
A) By its productivity                        
B) By its sustainability
C) By its impact on the environment            
D) By its contribution to economic growth
53. Specialization and the effort to increase yields have resulted in________.
A) localized pollution 
B) the shrinking of farmland  
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C) competition from overseas  
D) the decrease of biodiversity
54.What does the author think of traditional farming practices?
A) They have remained the same over the centuries   
B) They have not kept pace with population growth
C) They are not necessarily sustainable             
D) They are environmentally friendly
55.What will agriculture be like in the 21st century
A) It will go through radical changes               
B) It will supply more animal products
C) It will abandon traditional farming practices       
D) It will cause zero damage to the environment
56. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?
A) To remind people of the need of sustainable development
B) To suggest ways of ensuring sustainable food production
C) To advance new criteria for measuring farming progress   
D) To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture is
Not just 不只是
       =Not only
       =Not simly
       =Not merely
 实战演练
MBA
    Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is by 
his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world's favorite academic title; the 
MBA(Master of Business Administration).
The MBA, a 20th century product, always ha borne the mark of lowly commerce and greed 
(贪婪) on the tree lined campuses ruled by purer disciplines such as philosophy and literature. 
But even with the recession apparently cutting into the hiring of business school graduates, 
about 79,000 people are expected to receive MBAs in 1993.This is nearly 16 times the number of 
business graduates in 1960, a testimony to the widespread assumption that the MBA is vital for 
young men and women who want to run companies some day. 
“If you are going into the corporate world it is still a disadvantage not to have one,” said 
Donald Morrison, professor of marketing and management science. “But in the last five years or 
so, when someone says, Should I attempt to get an MBA,” the answer a lot more is: “It depends.”
    The success of Bill Gates and other non MBAs, such as the late Sam Walton of Wal Mart 
Stores Inc. has helped inspire self conscious debates on business school campuses over the worth 
of a business degree and whether management skills can be taught.
The Harvard Business Review printed a lively, fictional exchange of letters to dramatize 
complaints about business degree holders. 
The article called MBA hires “extremely disappointing” and said “MBAs wants to move up 
too fast, they don't understand politics and people, and they aren't able to function as part of a 
team until their third year. But by then, they’re out looking for other jobs.”
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The problem, most participants in the debate acknowledge, is that the MBA has acquired an 
aura (光环) of future riches and power for beyond its actual importance and usefulness.
    Enrollment in business schools exploded in the 1970s and 1980s and created the assumption 
that no one who pursued a business career could do with out one. The growth was fueled by a 
backlash(反冲)against the anti business values of the 1960s and by the women's movement.
    Business people who have hired or worked with MBAs say those with the degrees often know 
how to analyze systems but are not so skillful at motivating people. “They don't get a lot of 
grounding in the people side of the business,” said James Shaffer ,vice president and principal of 
the Towers Perrin management consulting firm.
21. According to Paragraph 2, what is the general attitude towards business on campuses 
dominated by purer disciplines? 态度题
A) Envious.
B) Scornful.
C) Realistic.
D) Appreciative.
22. It seems that the controversy over the values of MBA degrees has been fueled mainly by 
______. 细节题, 定位宽泛
A) the success of many non MBAs
B) the complaints from various employers
C) the poor performance of MBAs at work
D) the criticism from the scientists of purer disciplines
* contr-  矛盾、冲突contrary/ contra/ contradiction/ controversial/ controversy 
23. What is the major weakness of MBA holders according to The Harvard Business Review? 
细节题
A) They are not good at dealing with people.
B) They keep complaining about their jobs.
C) They are usually self-centered.
D) They are aggressive and greedy.
24. From the passage we know that most MBAs_________. 推论题，定位宽泛
A) can climb the corporate ladder fairly quickly
B) cherish unrealistic expectations about their future
C) quit their jobs once they are familiar with their workmates
D) receive salaries that do not match their professional training
25. What is the passage mainly about? 主旨题
A) A debate held recently on university campuses.
B) Doubts about the worth of holding an MBA degree.
C) Why there is an increased enrollment in MBA programs.
D) The necessity of reforming MBA programs in business schools.
6. 态度题
(1) 态度题分类 
      *段落态度题 
      *区域态度题 
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      *篇章态度题（最后一段）
例题：
But Farmer is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security and, so far, 
events have proved him right. SATAN has done more to alert people to the risks than cause 
new disorder. So is the Net becoming more secure? Far from it. In the early days, when you 
visited a Web site your browser simply looked at the content. Now the Web is full of tiny 
programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page, and run on your own 
machine. These programs could, if their authors wished, do all kinds of nasty things to your 
computer.
24. The author’s attitude toward SATAN is ________. 
A) enthusiastic
B) critical
C) positive
D) indifferent
(2) 常见态度词汇
积极：positive / active / supportive 
      approving / optimistic / pleasant
      enthusiastic / favorable 
      sympathetic
否定：negative / doubtful 
             suspicious / critical 
             pessimistic / scornful 
             skeptical / ironic/sarcastic
中立：neutral / objective / cautious
      impersonal
必错：indifferent / depressed
      biased / unclear / vague
掌握三个内容：
1、如何区分段落、区域和篇章
2、读哪个地方能读懂“态度”
3、常见的“态度”词语的积累过程
出题宽泛原则一 举例
1、形式：数字、年代、引言（实验过程）
2、作用：论证观点（实验结果）
3、论点论据位置：
     *多段：忽略有举例的段落
     *一段：
^for example/ for instance 观点
^prove/ show/ discover 观点
contrary 
contra
contradiction
controversial
controversy
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        ——contr- 矛盾，冲突
 实战演练
Spying on the Privacy
When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the 
Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It's Linda Tripp, not the 
FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland's laws against secret telephone taping. It's our banks, 
not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.
Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The 
legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.
As an example of what's going on, consider U.S. Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive 
practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer 
called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account 
and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.
With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars - selling dental plans, 
videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a "free 
trial offer" had, 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through 
their bank or credit-card accounts. U.S. Bancorp collected a share of the revenues ...
Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They didn't know that the bank was giving 
account numbers to Member Works. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer 
was no.
The state sued Member Works separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did 
anything wrong. For its part, U.S. Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to 
stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks 
decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with Member Works and similar 
firms.
And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, 
including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans.
You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For 
example, no federal law shields "transaction and experience" information - mainly the details of 
your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They've 
generally agreed not to sell to the public.
But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn't work. A firm might 
publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it? Take U.S. Bancorp again. Customers 
were told, in writing, that "all personal information you supply to us will be considered 
confidential." Then it sold your data to Member Works. The bank even claims that it doesn't "sell" 
your data at all. It merely "shares" it and reaps a profit. Now you know.
31. Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on people's privacy        .（细节题）
A) is practiced exclusively by the FBI
B) is more prevalent in business circles
C) has been intensified with the help of the IRS
D) is mainly carried out by means of secret taping
32. We know from the passage that       .(推论题)
A) the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protect private information
B) most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices of private businesses
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C) legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacy protection
D) lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquire into customers' buying 
habits
33. When the "free trial" deadline is over, you'll be charged without notice for a product or service 
if       .
A) you happen to reveal your credit card number
B) you fail to cancel it within the specified period
C) you fail to apply for extension of the deadline
D) you find the product or service unsatisfactory
*charge: 负责 in charge of
        充电 charge the battery
        收费 free of charge
        指控 be charged with murder
        向……冲去 charge for
34. Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts as private because       
.
A) it is considered "transaction and experience" information unprotected by law
B) it has always been considered an open secret by the general public
C) its sale can be brought under control through self-regulation
D) its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the current protection policy
35. We can infer from the passage that       . （推论题）
A) banks will have to change their ways of doing business
B) "free trial" practice will eventually be banned
C) privacy protection laws will soon be enforced
D) consumers' privacy will continue to be invaded
总结解题步骤：
1、判断题目，找到关键词（显性关键词、特殊的谓语结构、主语或核心名词）
2、浏览全文，画出关键词，有三种情况：
（1）关键词在文中出现，称为定位明确
（2）关键词多次出现，形成区域范围，称为定位宽泛
（3）关键词在文中并未出现，称为定位宽泛
 实战演练
American Immigrants 
The percentage of immigrants (including those unlawfully present) in the United states has been 
creeping upward for years. At 12.6 percent, it is now higher than at any point since the mid1920s. 
We are not about to go back to the days when Congress openly worried about inferior races 
polluting America’s bloodstream. But once again we are wondering whether we have too many of 
the wrong sort newcomers. Their loudest critics argue that the new wave of immigrants cannot, 
and indeed do not want to, fit in as previous generations did. 
We now know that these racist views were wrong. In time, Italians, Romanians and members of 
other so-called inferior races became exemplary Americans and contributed greatly, in ways too 
numerous to detail, to the building of this magnificent nation. There is no reason why these new 
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immigrants should not have the same success. 
Although children of Mexican immigrants do better, in terms of educational and professional 
attainment, than their parents UCLA sociologist Edward Telles has found that the gains don’t 
continue. Indeed, the fouth generation is marginally worse off than the third James Jackson, of the 
University of Michigan, has found a similar trend among black Caribbean immigrants, Tells fears 
that Mexican-Americans may be fated to follow in the footsteps of American blacks—that large 
parts of the community may become mired(陷入)in a seemingly permanent state of poverty and 
Underachievement. Like African-Americans, Mexican-Americans are increasingly relegated to 
(降入)segregated, substandard schools, and their dropout rate is the highest for any ethnic group in 
the country. 
We have learned much about the foolish idea of excluding people on the presumption of the 
ethnic/racial inferiority. But what we have not yet learned is how to make the process of 
Americanization work for all. I am not talking about requiring people to learn English or to adopt 
American ways; those things happen pretty much on their own, but as arguments about 
immigration hear up the campaign trail, we also ought to ask some broader question about 
assimilation, about how to ensure that people , once outsiders , don’t forever remain marginalized 
within these shores. 
That is a much larger question than what should happen with undocumented workers, or how best 
to secure the border, and it is one that affects not only newcomers but groups that have been here 
for generations. It will have more impact on our future than where we decide to set the admissions 
bar for the latest ware of would-be Americans. And it would be nice if we finally got the answer 
right. 
57. How were immigrants viewed by U.S. Congress in early days? （定位明确）
A) They were of inferior races. 
B) They were a Source of political corruption. 
C) They were a threat to the nation’s security. 
D) They were part of the nation’s bloodstream. 
58. What does the author think of the new immigrants? （定位明确）
A) They will be a dynamic work force in the U.S. 
B) They can do just as well as their predecessors. 
C) They will be very disappointed on the new land. 
D) They may find it hard to fit into the mainstream. 
 双重否定
[1] 两个否定词
hardly  scarcely   rarely   seldom   never   no longer  
例题：1. During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the United States       .
 A) increased        
 B) was reduced   
 C) experienced both falls and rises   
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 D) remained stable
原文：However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in 
the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially sharp. 
[2] 一个否定词 + 一个否定缀
The observation is not uncommon in the current economic situation. 
[3] 一个否定词
A man can never have too many ties. 
A mother can never be patient enough with her child. 
59. What does Edward Telles’research say about Mexican-Americans? （定位宽泛）
A) They may slowly improve from generation to generation. 
B) They will do better in terms of educational attainment. 
C) They will melt into the African-American community. 
D) They may forever remain poor and underachieving. 
 原则二 特殊标点 
冒号、破折号  表示总结说明
 构词方式 appraise   ap—音缀
  accustom   accompany    affix
 affirm     appropriate    assimilating
重点词汇 charge
1.负责  be in charge of
2.收费  free of charge
3.充电  charge the battery
4.指控  He is charged with murder.
5.向……冲去 charge for = make for
书2006年12月passage one  P179
 出题原则三 转折（强对比）
but / however / still / yet / 转折词
unfortunately/ ironically 特殊副词位于句首
in fact / on the contrary / by contrast 否定词组
因此定位宽泛的情况下，如果没有距离和标点时，可以寻找转折词、特殊副词在句首
还有否定词组帮助我们找到段落或区间的中心。
60. What should be done to help the new immigrants? （定位宽泛）
A) Rid them of their inferiority complex. 
B) Urge them to adopt American customs. 
C) Prevent them from being marginalized. 
D) Teach them standard American English. 
61. According to the author, the burning issue concerning immigration is_______. （定位宽泛）
A) How to deal with people entering the U.S. without documents 
B) How to help immigrants to better fit into American society 
C) How to stop illegal immigrants from crossing the border 
D) How to limit the number of immigrants to enter the U.S. 
 实战演练
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The Decline of American dollars
Imagine waking up and finding the value of your assets has been halved. No, you're not an 
investor in one of those hedge funds that failed completely. With the dollar slumping to a 26-year 
low against the pound, already-expensive London has become quite unaffordable. A coffee at 
Starbucks, just as unavoidable in England as it is in the United States, runs about ＄8.
The once all-powerful dollar isn't doing a Titanic against just the pound. It is sitting at a record 
low against the euro and at a 30-year low against the Canadian dollar. Even the Argentine peso 
and Brazilian real are thriving against the dollar.
The weak dollar is a source of humiliation(屈辱)，for a nation's self-esteem rests in part on the 
strength of its currency. It's also a potential economic problem, since a declining dollar makes 
imported food more expensive and exerts upward pressure on interest rates. And yet there are 
substantial sectors of the vast U.S. economy-from giant companies like Coca-Cola to mom-and-
pop restaurant operators in Miami-for which the weak dollar is most excellent news.
Many Europeans may view the U.S. as an arrogant superpower that has become hostile to 
foreigners. But nothing makes people think more warmly of the U.S. than a weak dollar. Through 
April, the total number of visitors from abroad was up 6.8 percent from last year. Should the trend 
continue, the number of tourists this year will finally top the 2000 peak. Many Europeans now 
apparently view the U.S. the way many Americans view Mexico-as a cheap place to vacation, 
shop and party, all while ignoring the fact that the poorer locals can't afford to join the 
merrymaking.
The money tourists spend helps decrease our chronic trade deficit. So do exports, which thanks in 
part to the weak dollar, soared 11 percent between May 2006 and May 2007. For first five months 
of 2007, the trade deficit actually fell 7 percent from 2006. 
If you own shares in large American corporations, you're a winner in the weak-dollar gamble. Last 
week Coca-Cola's stock bubbled to a five-year high after it reported a fantastic quarter. Foreign 
sales accounted for 65 percent of Coke's beverage(饮料) business. Other American companies 
profiting from this trend include McDonald's and IBM.
American tourists, however, shouldn't expect any relief soon. The dollar lost strength the way 
many marriages break up-slowly, and then all at once. And currencies don't turn on a dime. So if 
you want to avoid the pain inflicted by the increasingly pathetic dollar, cancel that summer 
vacation to England and look to New England. There, the dollar is still treated with a little respect.
52. Why do Americans feel humiliated?
A) Their economy is plunging（暴跌）.
B) Their currency has slumped.
C) They can't afford trips to Europe.
D) They have lost half of their assets.
       ↓plunge   slump   dive   drop  急剧下降
       ↘decline   decrease  descend  land  缓慢下降
        shrink缩水，缩减 diminish 减少 minimize 减小
       ↑soar   skyrocket    surge   急剧上升
       ↗increase   ascend    climb   take off  缓慢上升
       →stable    steady   constant   平稳
53.How does the current dollar affect the life of ordinary Americans?
A) They have to cancel their vacations in New England.
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B) They find it unaffordable to dine in mom-and-pop restaurants.
C) They have to spend more money when buying imported goods.
D) They might lose their jobs due to potential economic problems.
54. How do many Europeans feel about the U.S with the devalued dollar?
A) They feel contemptuous of it.
B) They are sympathetic with it.
C) They regard it as a superpower on the decline.
D) They think of it as a good tourist destination.
55. What is the author's advice to Americans?
A) They treat the dollar with a little respect.
B) They try to win in the weak-dollar gamble.
C) They vacation at home rather than abroad.
D) They treasure their marriages all the more.
56. What does the author imply by saying "currencies don't turn on a dime" (Line 2, Para.7)? 
猜词题
A) The dollar's value will not increase in the short term.
B) The value of a dollar will not be reduced to a dime.
C) The dollar's value will drop, but within a small margin.
D) Few Americans will change dollars into other currencies.
               词汇题
 猜词题
句意题
1. 前后缀
Undress
Unload
Unveil
Unashamed
Export
Ex-wife前妻、亡妻
2.句间逻辑关系：并列、转折
3.步骤
1）划出所猜单词的位置
2）寻找与之接近的句间关系
3）有转词的——转折关系；
   没有转折词——并列关系，褒贬一致
4）句意题：通过句间关系，直接判断答案
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例题
　　But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife 
Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic turtles, 
notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much as 400 pounds. The South Florida nesting 
population, the largest, has declined by 50% in the last decade, according to Elizabeth Griffin, a 
marine biologist with the environmental group Oceana. The figures prompted Oceana to petition 
the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from 
“threatened” to “endangered”—meaning they are in danger of disappearing without additional 
help.　
53. What does the author mean by “Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness” (Line 1, 
Para. 2)?
A．Nature is quite fair regarding the survival of turtles.
B．Turtles are by nature indifferent to human activities.
C．The course of nature will not be changed by human interference.
D．The turtle population has decreased in spite of human protection.
复习巩固
做题步骤：
（1） 读题：了解题型，找出关键词。
（3） 扫读：根据关键词定位。
（4） 解题：根据不同题型解题。
 实战演练
What affluence brings?
You hear the refrain all the time: the U.S. economy looks good statistically, but it doesn’t feel 
good. Why doesn’t ever-greater wealth promote ever-greater happiness? It is a question that dates 
at least to the appearance in 1958 of The Affluent (富裕的) Society by John Kenneth Galbraith, 
who died recently at 97.
The Affluent Society is a modern classic because it helped define a new moment in the human 
condition. For most of history, “hunger, sickness, and cold” threatened nearly everyone, Galbraith 
wrote. “Poverty was found everywhere in that world. Obviously it is not of ours.” After World 
War II, the dread of another Great Depression gave way to an economic boom. In the 1930s 
unemployment had averaged 18.2 percent; in the 1950s it was 4.5 percent.
To Galbraith, materialism had gone mad and would breed（导致） discontent. Through 
advertising, companies conditioned consumers to buy things they didn’t really want or need. 
Because so much spending was artificial, it would be unfulfilling. Meanwhile, government 
spending that would make everyone better off was being cut down because people instinctively—
and wrongly—labeled government only as “a necessary evil.”
It’s often said that only the rich are getting ahead; everyone else is standing still or falling behind. 
Well, there are many undeserving rich—overpaid chief executives, for instance. But over any 
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meaningful period, most people’s incomes are increasing. From 1995 to 2004, inflation-adjusted 
average family income rose 14.3 percent, to $43,200. People feel “squeezed” because their rising 
incomes often don’t satisfy their rising wants—for bigger homes, more health care, more 
education, faster Internet connections.
The other great frustration is that it has not eliminated insecurity. People regard job stability as 
part of their standard of living. As corporate layoffs increased, that part has eroded. More workers 
fear they’ve become “the disposable American,” as Louis Uchitelle puts it in his book by the same 
name.
Because so much previous suffering and social conflict stemmed from poverty, the arrival of 
widespread affluence suggested utopian (乌托邦式的) possibilities. Up to a point, affluence 
succeeds. There is much les physical misery than before. People are better off. Unfortunately, 
affluence also creates new complaints and contradictions.
Advanced societies need economic growth to satisfy the multiplying wants of their citizens. But 
the quest for growth lets loose new anxieties and economic conflicts that disturb the social order. 
Affluence liberates the individual, promising that everyone can choose a unique way to self-
fulfillment. But the promise is so extravagant that it predestines many disappointments and 
sometimes inspires choices that have anti-social consequences, including family breakdown and 
obesity (肥胖症). Statistical indicators of happiness have not risen with incomes.
Should we be surprised? Not really. We’ve simply reaffirmed an old truth: the pursuit of affluence 
does not always end with happiness.
57. What question does John Kenneth Galbraith raise in his book The Affluent Society?(细节题)
A) Why statistics don’t tell the truth about the economy.
B) How happiness can be promoted today.
C) Why affluence doesn’t guarantee happiness.
D) What lies behind an economic boom.
58. According to Galbraith, people feel discontented because ________.
A) materialism has run wild in modern society
B) they are in fear of another Great Depression
C) the government has proved to be a necessary evil
D) public spending hasn’t been cut down as expected
59. Why do people feel squeezed when their average income rises considerably?（细节题）
A) The distribution of wealth is uneven between the r5ich and the poor.
B) Their material pursuits have gone far ahead of their earnings.
C) Their purchasing power has dropped markedly with inflation.
D) Health care and educational cost have somehow gone out of control.
60. What does Louis Uchitelle mean by “the disposable American” (Line 3, Para. 
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5)?（猜词题）
A) Workers who no longer have secure jobs.
B) People who have little say in American politics.
C) People full of utopian ideas resulting from affluence.
D) Those who see job stability as part of their living standard.
61. What has affluence brought to American society?（定位宽泛）
A) A sense of self-fulfillment. 
B) Misery and anti-social behavior.
C) Renewed economic security.
D) New conflicts and complaints.
 实战演练
American Affluence
Early in the age of affluence (富裕) that followed World War II, an American retailing analyst 
named Victor Lebow proclaimed, “Our enormously productive economy... We need things 
consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate.”
Americans have responded to Lebow’s call, and much of the world has followed.
Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social 
values. Opinion surveys in the world’s two largest economies — Japan and the United States — 
show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever prevalent（流行）.
Overconsumption by the world’s fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by 
anything but perhaps population growth. Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to 
exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate.
Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too. The time-honored 
values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been 
sacrificed in the rush to riches.
Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow—
that, misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are 
essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things.
Of course, the opposite of over-consumption—poverty—is no solution to either environmental or 
human problems. It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too. Dispossessed 
(被剥夺得一无所有的) peasants slash-and-burn their way into the rain forests of Latin America, 
and hungry nomads (游牧民族) turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland, reducing it to 
desert.
If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we are left to 
wonder how much is enough. What level of consumption can the earth support? When does 
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having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction?
36. The emergence of the affluent society after World War II ________.
A) led to the reform of the retailing system 
B) resulted in the worship(=pay attention to) of consumerism 
C) gave rise to the dominance of the new egoism
D) gave birth to a new generation of upper class consumers
37. Apart from enormous productivity, another important impetus to high consumption is 
________.（定位宽泛）
A) the people’s desire for a rise in their living standards 
B) the concept that one’s success is measured by how much they consume
C) the imbalance that has existed between production and consumption
D) the conversion of the sale of goods into rituals
* 谚语表达
 1.a mixed blessing喜忧参半的事
   2.a necessary evil厌恶又必须做的事
   3.a narrow escape九死一生
   4.an open book众人皆知的秘密
   5.a snap decision草率的决定
38. Why does the author say high consumption is a mixed blessing?
A) Because poverty still exists in an affluent society.
B) Because overconsumption won’t last long due to unrestricted population growth.
C) Because traditional rituals are often neglected in the process of modernization.
D) Because moral values are sacrificed in pursuit of material satisfaction.
39. According to the passage, consumerist culture ________.
A) will not alleviate poverty in wealthy countries 
B) will not aggravate（恶化）environmental problems
C) cannot thrive on a fragile economy 
D) cannot satisfy human spiritual needs
40. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A) human spiritual needs should match material affluence
B) whether high consumption should be encouraged is still an issue
C) how to keep consumption at a reasonable level remains a problem
D) there is never an end to satisfying people’s material needs 
 实战演练
Choose to Have Children
Too many vulnerable child-free adults are being ruthlessly(无情的)manipulated into parent-hood 
by their parents , who think that happiness among older people depends on having a grand-child to 
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spoil. We need an organization to help beat down the persistent campaigns of grandchildless 
parents. It’s time to establish Planned Grandparenthood, which would have many global and local 
benefits. 
Part of its mission would be to promote the risks and realities associated with being a grandparent. 
The staff would include depressed grandparents who would explain how grandkids break lamps, 
bite, scream and kick. Others would detail how an hour of baby-sitting often turns into a crying 
marathon. More grandparents would testify that they had to pay for their grandchild’s expensive 
college education. 
Planned grandparenthood’s carefully written literature would detail all the joys of life grand-child-
free a calm living room, extra money for luxuries during the golden years, etc. Potential 
grandparents would be reminded that, without grandchildren around, it’s possible to have a 
conversation with your kids, who----incidentally-----would have more time for their own parents. 
Meanwhile, most children are vulnerable to the enormous influence exerted by grandchildless 
parents aiming to persuade their kids to produce children. They will take a call from a persistent 
parent, even if they’re loaded with works. In addition, some parents make handsome money offers 
payable upon the grandchild’s birth. Sometimes these gifts not only cover expenses associated 
with the infant’s birth, but extras, too, like a vacation. In any case, cash gifts can weaken the 
resolve of even the noblest person. 
At Planned Grandparenthood, children targeted by their parents to reproduce could obtain non-
biased information about the insanity of having their own kids. The catastrophic psychological and 
economic costs of childbearing would be emphasized. The symptoms of morning sickness would 
be listed and horrors of childbirth pictured. A monthly newsletter would contain stories about 
overwhelmed parents and offer guidance on how childless adults can respond to the different 
lobbying tactics that would-be grandparents employ. 
When I think about all the problems of our overpopulated world and look at our boy grabbing at 
the lamp by the sofa, I wish I could have turned to Planned Grandparenthood when my parents 
were putting the grandchild squeeze on me. 
If I could have, I might not be in this parenthood predicament( 窘境) . But here’s the crazy 
irony, I don’t want my child-free life back . Dylan’s too much fun. 
21. What’s the purpose of the proposed organization Planned Grandparenthood?
A) To encourage childless couples to have children.
B) To provide facilities and services for grandchildless parents.
C) To offer counseling to people on how to raise grandchildren.
D) To discourage people from insisting on having grandchildren.
22. Planned Grandparenthood would include depressed grandparents on its staff in order to____.
A) show them the joys of life grandparents may have in raising grandchildren
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B) draw attention to the troubles and difficulties grandchildren may cause
C) share their experience in raising grandchildren in a more scientific way
D) help raise funds to cover the high expense of education for grandchildren
 出题原则四 排序
1. on the one hand…on the other hand…
  for one thing…for another thing…
2. first…second…third…
23. According to the passage, some couples may eventually choose to have children 
because_____. 
A) they find it hard to resist the carrot-and-stick approach(软硬兼施) of their parents
B) they have learn from other parents about the joys of having children
C) they feel more and more lonely ad they grow older
D) they have found it irrational to remain childless
24.By saying “… my parents were putting the grandchild squeeze on me” (Line 2-3,Para. 6), the 
author means that _________.
A) her parents kept pressuring her to have a child
B) her parents liked to have a grandchild in their arms
C) her parents asked her to save for the expenses of raising a child
D) her parents kept blaming her for her child’s bad behavior
25.What does the author really of the idea of having children?
A) It does more harm than good.
B) It contributes to overpopulation.
C) It is troublesome but rewarding.
D) It is a psychological catastrophe
 实战演练
What’s hot for 2007 among the very rich? A $7.3 million diamond ring. A trip to Tanzania to 
hunt wild animals. Oh, and income inequality.
Sure, some leftish billionaires like George Soros have been railing against income inequality 
for years. But increasingly, centrist and right-wing billionaires are staring to worry about income 
inequality and the fate of the middle class.
 In December, Mortimer Zuckerman wrote a column in U.S. News & World Report, which he 
owns. “our nation’s core bargain with the middle class is disintegrating,” lamented (哀叹) the 
117th-richest man in America. “Most of our economic gains have gone to people at the very top 
of the income ladder. Average income for a household of people of working age, by contrast, has 
fallen five years in a raw.” He noted that “Tens of millions of Americans live in fear that a major 
health problem can reduce them to bankruptcy.”
    Wilbur Ross Jr. has echoed Zuckerman’s anger over the bitter struggles faced by middle-class 
Americans. “It’s an outrage that any American’s life expectancy should be shortened simply 
because the company they worked for went bankrupt and ended health-care coverage,” said the 
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former chairman of the International Steel Group.
    What’s happening? The very rich are just as trendy as you and I, and can be so when it comes to 
politics and policy. Given the recent change of control in Congress, the popularity of measures 
like increasing the minimum wage, and efforts by California’s governor to offer universal health 
care, these guys don’t need their own personal weathermen to know which way the wind blows.
    It’s possible that plutocrats (有钱有势的人) are expressing solidarity with the struggling 
middle class as part of an effort to insulate themselves from confiscatory (没收性的) tax policies. 
But the prospect that income inequality will lead to higher taxes on the wealthy doesn’t keep 
plutocrats up at night. They can live with that.
 No, what they fear was that the political challenges of sustaining support for global economic 
integration will be more difficult in the United States because of what has happened to the 
distribution of income and economic insecurity.
 In other words, if middle-class Americans continue to struggle financially as the ultra wealthy 
grow ever wealthier, it will be increasingly difficult to maintain political support for the free flow 
of goods, services, and capital across borders. And when the United States places obstacles in the 
way of foreign investors and foreign goods, it’s likely to encourage reciprocal action abroad. For 
people who buy and sell companies, or who allocate capital to markets all around the world, that’s 
the real nightmare.
60. What is the real reason for plutocrats to express solidarity with the middle class?
   [A] They want to protect themselves from confiscatory taxation.
   [B] They know that the middle class contributes most to society.
   [C] They want to gain support for global economic integration.
   [D] They feel increasingly threatened by economic insecurity.
注意：No和but区别
No:对前面的全盘否定
But:前面的内容并不是错的。重心的后移。
 实战演练
There are few more sobering online activities than entering data into college-tuition 
calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum. But economists say families about 
to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can console themselves with the 
knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge 
dividends.
　　A 2008 study by two Harvard economists notes that the “labor-market premium to skill”—
or the amount college graduates earned that’s greater than what high-school graduate earned—
decreased for much of the 20th century, but has come back with a vengeance (报复性地) since the 
1980s. In 2005, The typical full-time year-round U.S. worker with a four-year college degree 
earned $50,900, 62% more than the $31,500 earned by a worker with only a high-school diploma.
　　There’s no question that going to college is a smart economic choice. But a look at the 
strange variations in tuition reveals that the choice about which college to attend doesn’t come 
down merely to dollars and cents. Does going to Columbia University (tuition, room and board 
$49,260 in 2007-08) yield a 40% greater return than attending the University of Colorado at 
Boulder as an out-of-state student ($35,542)? Probably not. Does being an out-of-state student at 
the University of Colorado at Boulder yield twice the amount of income as being an in-state 
student ($17,380) there? Not likely.
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　　No, in this consumerist age, most buyers aren’t evaluating college as an investment, but 
rather as a consumer product—like a car or clothes or a house. And with such purchases, price is 
only one of many crucial factors to consider.
　　As with automobiles, consumers in today’s college marketplace have vast choices, and 
people search for the one that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction in line with their 
budgets. This accounts for the willingness of people to pay more for different types of experiences 
(such as attending a private liberal-arts college or going to an out-of-state public school that has a 
great marine-biology program). And just as two auto purchasers might spend an equal amount of 
money on very different cars, college students (or, more accurately, their parents) often show a 
willingness to pay essentially the same price for vastly different products. So which is it? Is 
college an investment product like a stock or a consumer product like a car? In keeping with the 
automotive world’s hottest consumer trend, maybe it’s best to characterize it as a hybrid 
(混合动力汽车); an expensive consumer product that, over time, will pay rich dividends.
　　59. Students who attend an in-state college or university can ________.
　　A．save more on tuition
　　B．receive a better education
　　C．take more liberal-arts courses
D．avoid traveling long distances
　　60. In this consumerist age, most parents ________.
　　A．regard college education as a wise investment
　　B．place a premium on the prestige of the College
　　C．think it crucial to send their children to college
　　D．consider college education a consumer product
 快速阅读
考试时间段：3:40 pm—3:55pm 共十五分钟
文章长度：1500个词左右
占六级分值：10%
题型：3种（判断，填空，选择）
出题形式：4判断+6填空/ 7选择+3填空
快速阅读和仔细阅读的区别
仔细阅读 快速阅读
共同点 1.依次而下出题        2.细节题为主导
题目只是依次而下 一段通常考查一题
五个题目浏览一起定位 看一题定一题
题干中确定一个关键词 多个关键词共同定位
定位明确本句后句解题 定位明确没有区域概念
不同点
定位宽泛出题原则解题 出题原则通常不适用
趋势变化
06.12—07.06 一道题对应一句话
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07.12—08.06 选择题出现，一题对应一段或多段
08.12 主旨题出现
09.06 文章内部没有小标题
09.12 文章内部没有小标题，主旨题
10.06 回归大小标题
10.12 出现主副标题，一个小标题
11.06 文章没有小标题，主旨题
11.12 文章没有小标题
题型讲解：判断题
1. 4个判断，1个NG（NG不出现在第一题）
2. 三段未提及信息通常为NG
3. NG不占段
4. 常识题的判断
例题：
Rainforests
　　Tropical rainforests are the most diverse ecosystem(生态系统)on Earth, and also the oldest. 
Today, tropical rainforests cover only 6 percent of the Earth's ground surface, but they are home to 
over half of the planet's plant and animal species.
　　What Is a Rainforest?
　　Generally speaking, a rainforest is an environment that receives high rainfall and is 
dominated by tall trees. A wide range of ecosystems fall into this category, of course. But most of 
the time when people talk about rainforests, they mean the tropical rainforests located near the 
equator.
　　These forests receive between 160 and 400 inches of rain per year. The total annual rainfall is 
spread pretty evenly throughout the year, and the temperature rarely dips below 60 degrees 
Fahrenheit.
　　This steady climate is due to the position of rainforests on the globe. Because of the 
orientation of the Earth's axis, the Northern and Southern hemispheres each spend part of the year 
tilted away from the sun. Since rainforests are at the middle of the globe, located near the equator, 
they are not especially affected by this change. They receive nearly the same amount of sunlight, 
and therefore heat, all year. Consequently, the weather in these regions remains fairly constant.
　　The consistently wet, warm weather and ample sunlight give plant life everything it needs to 
thrive. Trees have the resources to grow to tremendous heights. and they live for hundreds, even 
thousands, of years. These giants, which reach 60 to 150 ft in the air, form the basic structure of 
the rainforest. Their top branches spread wide in order to capture maximum sunlight. This creates 
a thick canopy(树冠)level at the top of the forest, with thinner greenery levels underneath. Some 
large trees grow so tall that they even tower overthe canopy layer.
As you go lower, down into the rainforest, you find less and less greenery. The forest floor is 
made up of moss, fungi, and decaying plant matter that has fallen from the upper layers. The 
reason for this decrease in greenery is very simple：The overabundance of plants gathering 
sunlight at the top of the forest blocks most sunlight from reaching the bottom of the forest, 
making it difficult for robust plants to thrive.
　　The Forest for the Trees
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　　The ample sunlight and extremely wet climate of many tropical areas encourage the growth 
of towering trees with wide canopies. This thick top layer of the rainforest dictates the lives of all 
other plants in the forest. New tree seedlings rarely survive to make it to the top unless some older 
trees die, creating a "hole" in the canopy. When this happens, all of the seedlings on the ground 
level compete intensely to reach the sunlight.
　　Many plant species reach the top of the forest by climbing the tall trees. It is much easier to 
ascend this way, because the plant doesn't have to form its own supporting structure.
　　Some plant species, called epiphytes, grow directly on the surface of the giant trees. These 
plants, which include a variety of orchids and ferns, make up much of the under story, the layer of 
the rainforest right below the canopy. Epiphytes are close enough to the top to receive adequate 
light, and the runoff from the canopy layer provides all the water and nutrients(养分)they need, 
which is important since they don't have access to the nutrients in the ground.
　　Stranglers and Buttresses
　　Some epiphytes eventually develop into stranglers. They grow long, thick roots that extend 
down the tree trunk into the ground. As they continue to grow, the roots form a sort of web 
structure all around the tree. At the same time, the strangler plant's branches extend upward, 
spreading out into the canopy. Eventually, the strangler may block so much light from above, and 
absorb such a high percentage of nutrients from the ground below, that the host tree dies.
　　Competition over nutrients is almost as intense as competition for light. The excessive 
rainfall rapidly dissolves nutrients in the soil, making it relatively infertile except at the top layers. 
For this reason, rainforest tree roots grow outward to cover a wider area, rather than downward to 
lower levels. This makes rainforest trees somewhat unstable, since they don't have very strong 
anchors in the ground. Some trees compensate for this by growing natural buttresses. These 
buttresses are basically tree trunks that extend out from the side of the tree and down to the 
ground, giving the tree additional support.
　　Rainforest trees are dependent on bacteria that are continually producing nutrients in the 
ground. Rainforest bacteria and trees have a very close, symbiotic(共生的) relationship. The trees 
provide the bacteria with food, in the form of fallen leaves and other material, and the bacteria 
break this material down into the nutrients that the trees need to survive.
One of the most remarkable things about rainforest plant life is its diversity. The temperate 
rainforests of the Pacific Northwest are mainly composed of a dozen or so tree species. A tropical 
rainforest, on the other hand, might have 300 distinct tree species.
　　All Creatures, Great and Small
　　Rainforests are home to the majority of animal species in the world. And a great number of 
species who now live in other environments, including humans, originally inhabited the 
rainforests. Researchers estimate that in a large rainforest area, there may be more than 10 million 
different animal species.
　　Most of these species have adapted for life in the upper levels of the rainforest, where food is 
most plentiful. Insects, which can easily climb or fly from tree to tree, make up the largest 
group(ants are the most abundant animal in the rainforest).Insect species have a highly symbiotic 
relationship with the plant life in a rainforest. The insects move from plant to plant, enjoying the 
wealth of food provided there. As they travel, the insects may pick up the plants' seeds, dropping 
them some distance away. This helps to disperse the population of the plant species over a larger 
area.
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　　The numerous birds of the rainforest also play a major part in seed dispersal. When they eat 
fruit from a plant, the seeds pass through their digestive system. By the time they excrete (排泄) 
the seeds, the birds may have flown many miles away from the fruit-bearing tree.
　　There are also a large number of reptiles and mammals in the rainforest. Since the weather is 
so hot and humid during the day, most rainforest mammals are active only at night, dusk or dawn. 
The many rainforest bat species are especially well adapted for this lifestyle. Using their sonar, 
bats navigate easily through the mass of trees in the rainforest, feeding on insects and fruit.
　　While most rainforest species spend their lives in the trees, there is also a lot of life on the 
forest floor. Great apes, wild pigs, big cats and even elephants can all be found in rainforests. 
There are a number of people who live in the rainforests, as well. These tribes - which, up until 
recently, numbered in the thousands - are being forced out of the rainforests at an alarming rate 
because of deforestation.
　　Deforestation
　　In the past hundred years, humans have begun destroying rainforests at an alarming rate. 
Today, roughly 1.5 acres of rainforest are destroyed every second. People are cutting down the 
rainforests in pursuit of three major resources：
　　• Land for crops
　　• Lumber for paper and other wood products
　　• Land for livestock pastures
　　In the current economy, people obviously have a need for all of these resources. But almost 
all experts agree that, over time, we will suffer much more from the destruction of the rainforests 
than we will benefit.
The world's rainforests are an extremely valuable natural resource, to be sure, but not for 
their lumber or their land. They are the main cradle of life on Earth, and they hold millions of 
unique life forms that we have yet to discover. Destroying the rainforests is comparable to 
destroying an unknown planet-we have no idea what we're losing. If deforestation continues at its 
current rate, the world's tropical rainforests will be wiped out within 40 years.
1. Virtually all plant and animal species on Earth can be found in tropical rainforests.
2. There is not much change in the weather in the tropical rainforests all the year round.
3. The largest number of rainforests in the world are located on the African continent.
4. Below the canopy level of a tropical rainforest grows an overabundance of plants.
5. New tree seedlings will not survive to reach the canopy level unless ________.
6. Epiphytes, which form much of the under story of the rainforest, get all their water and nutrients 
from ________.
7. Stranglers are so called because they ________ by blocking the sunlight and competing for the 
nutrients.
8. Since rainforest bacteria and trees depend on each other for life, the relationship they form is 
The world's rainforests are an extremely valuable natural resource, to be sure, but not for their 
lumber or their land. They are the main cradle of life on Earth, and they hold millions of unique 
life forms that we have yet to discover. Destroying the rainforests is comparable to destroying an 
unknown planet-we have no idea what we're losing. If deforestation continues at its current rate, 
the world's tropical rainforests will be wiped out within 40 years.
　　1. Virtually all plant and animal species on Earth can be found in tropical rainforests.
　　2. There is not much change in the weather in the tropical rainforests all the year round.
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　　3. The largest number of rainforests in the world are located on the African continent.
　　4. Below the canopy level of a tropical rainforest grows an overabundance of plants.
　　5. New tree seedlings will not survive to reach the canopy level unless ________.
　　6. Epiphytes, which form much of the under story of the rainforest, get all their water and 
nutrients from ________.
　　7. Stranglers are so called because they ________ by blocking the sunlight and competing for 
the nutrients.
　　8. Since rainforest bacteria and trees depend on each other for life, the relationship they form 
is termed ________.
　　9. Plant species are dispersed over a large area with the help of ________.
　　10. As we are still ignorant of millions of unique life forms in the rainforest, deforestation 
can be compared to the destruction of ________.
答案：1.N  2.Y  3.NG  4.N  5.some older trees die  6.the canopy layer  7.kill the host tree 
8.symbolic  9.insects and birds  10. an unknown planet
Space Tourism
　　Make your reservations now. The space tourism industry is officially open for business, and 
tickets are going for a mere $20 million for a one-week stay in space. Despite reluctance from 
National Air and Space Administration （NASA），Russia made American businessman 
Dennis Tito the world’s first space tourist. Tito flew into space aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket 
that arrived at the International Space Station （ISS） on April 30, 2001. The second space 
tourist, South African businessman Mark Shuttleworth, took off aboard the Russian Soyuz on 
April 25, 2002, also bound for the ISS.
　　Lance Bass of ‘N Sync was supposed to be the third to make the $20 million trip, but he did 
not join the three-man crew as they blasted off on October 30, 2002, due to lack of payment. 
Probably the most incredible aspect of this proposed space tour was that NASA approved of it.
　　These trips are the beginning of what could be a profitable 21st century industry. There are 
already several space tourism companies planning to build suborbital vehicles and orbital cities 
within the next two decades. These companies have invested millions, believing that the space 
tourism industry is on the verge of taking off.
　　In 1997, NASA published a report concluding that selling trips into space to private citizens 
could be worth billions of dollars. A Japanese report supports these findings, and projects that 
space tourism could be a $10 billion per year industry within the next two decades. The only 
obstacles to opening up space to tourists are the space agencies, who are concerned with safety 
and the development of a reliable, reusable launch vehicle.
　　Space Accommodations
　　Russia’s Mir space station was supposed to be the first destination for space tourists. But in 
March 2001，the Russian Aerospace Agency brought Mir down into the Pacific Ocean. As it 
turned out, bringing down Mir only temporarily delayed the first tourist trip into space.
　　The Mir crash did cancel plans for a new reality-based game show from NBC, which was 
going to be called Destination Mir. The Survivor-like TV show was scheduled to air in fall 2001, 
Participants on the show were to go through training at Russia’s cosmonaut （宇航员） 
training center, Star City. Each week, one of the participants would be eliminated from the show, 
with the winner receiving a trip to the Mir space station. The Mir crash has ruled out NBC’s 
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space plans for now. NASA is against beginning space tourism until the International Space 
Station is completed in 2006.
　　Russia is not alone in its interest in space tourism. There are several projects underway to 
commercialize space travel. Here are a few of the groups that might take tourists to space:
　　Space Island Group is going to build a ring-shaped, rotating “commercial space 
infrastructure （基础结构）” that will resemble the Discovery spacecraft in the movie “2001: 
A Space Odyssey.” Space Island says it will build its space city out of empty NASA space-
shuttle fuel tanks （to start, it should take around 12 or so）， and place it about 400 miles 
above Earth. The space city will rotate once per minute to create a gravitational pull one-third as 
strong as Earth’s.
　　?According to their vision statement. Space Adventures plans to “fly tens of thousand of 
people in space over the next 10-15 years and beyond, around the moon, and back, from 
spaceports both on Earth and in space, to and from private space stations, and board dozen of 
different vehicles…”
　　?Even Hilton Hotels has shown interest in the space tourism industry and possibility of 
building or co-funding a space hotel. However, the company did say that it believes such a space 
hotel is 15 to 20 years away.
　　Initially, space tourism will offer simple accommodations at best. For instance, if the 
International Space Station is used as a tourist attraction, guests won’t find the luxurious 
surroundings of a hotel room on Earth. It has been designed for conducting research, not 
entertainment. However, the first generation of space hotels should offer tourists a much more 
comfortable experience.
　　In regard to a concept for a space hotel initially planned by Space Island, such a hotel could 
offer guests every convenience they might find at a hotel on Earth, and some they might not. The 
small gravitational pull created by the rotating space city would allow space-tourists and 
residents to walk around and function facilities would be possible. Additionally, space tourists 
would even be able to take space walks.
　　Many of these companies believe that they have to offer an extremely enjoyable experience 
in order for passengers to pay thousands, if not millions, of dollars to ride into space. So will 
space create another separation between the haves and have-nots?
　　The Most Expensive Vacation
　　Will space be an exotic retreat reserved for only the wealthy? Or will middle-class folks have 
a chance to take their families to space? Make no mistake about it, going to space will be the 
most expensive vacation you ever take. Prices right now are in the tens of millions of dollars. 
Currently, the only vehicles that can take you into space are the space shuttle and the Russian 
Soyuz, both of which are terribly inefficient. Each spacecraft requires millions of pounds of fuel 
to take off into space, which makes them expensive to launch. One pound of payload 
（有效载重） costs about $10,000 to put into Earth’s orbit.
　　NASA and Lockheed Martin are currently developing a single-stage-to-orbit launch space 
plane, called the VentureStar, that could be launched for about a tenth of what the space shuttle 
costs to launch. If the VentureStar takes off, the number of people who could afford to take a trip 
into space would move into the millions.
　　In 1998, a joint report from NASA and the Space Transportation Association stated that 
improvements in technology could push fares for space travel as low as $50,000, and possibly 
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down to $20,000 or $10,000 a decade later. The report concluded that a ticket price of $50,000, 
there could be 500,000 passengers flying into space each year. While still leaving out many 
people, these prices would open up space to a tremendous amount of traffic.
　　Since the beginning of the space race, the general public has said, “Isn’t that great-when 
do I get to go?” Well, our chance might be closer than ever. Within the next 20 years, space 
planes could be taking off for the Moon at the same frequency as airplanes flying between New 
York and Los Angles.
　　1.Lance Bass wasn’t able to go on a tour of space because of health problems.
　　2.Several tourism companies believe space travel is going to be a new profitable industry.
　　3.The space agencies are reluctant to open up space to tourists.
　　4.Two Australian billionaires have been placed on the waiting list for entering space as 
private passengers.
　
答案：1.N  2.Y  3.Y  4.NG 
Seven Steps to a More Fulfilling Job
Many people today find themselves in unfulfilling work situations. In fact, one in four 
workers is dissatisfied with their current job, according to the recent "Plans for 2004" survey. 
Their career path may be financially rewarding, but it doesn't meet their emotional, social or 
creative needs. They're stuck, unhappy, and have no idea what to do about it, except move to 
another job.
Mary Lyn Miller, veteran career consultant and founder of the Life and Career Clinic, says 
that when most people are unhappy about their work, their first thought is to get a different job. 
Instead, Miller suggests looking at the possibility of a different life. Through her book, 8 Myths of 
Making a Living, as well as workshops, seminars and personal coaching and consulting, she has 
helped thousands of dissatisfied workers reassess life and work.
Like the way of Zen, which includes understanding of oneself as one really is, Miller 
encourages job seekers and those dissatisfied with work or life to examine their beliefs about work 
and recognize that "in many cases your beliefs are what brought you to where you are today." You 
may have been raised to think that women were best at nurturing and caring and, therefore, should 
be teachers and nurses. So that's what you did. Or, perhaps you were brought up to believe that 
you should do what your father did, so you have taken over the family business, or become a 
dentist "just like dad." If this sounds familiar, it's probably time to look at the new possibilities for 
your future.
Miller developed a 7-step process to help potential job seekers assess their current situation 
and beliefs, identify their real passion, and start on a journey that allows them to pursue their 
passion through work.
Step 1: Willingness to do something different.
Breaking the cycle of doing what you have always done is one of the most difficult tasks for 
job seekers. Many find it difficult to steer away from a career path or make a change, even if it 
doesn't feel right. Miller urges job seekers to open their minds to other possibilities beyond what 
they are currently doing.
Step 2: Commitment to being who you are, not who or what someone wants you to be.
Look at the gifts and talents you have and make a commitment to pursue those things that 
you love most. If you love the social aspects of your job, but are stuck inside an office or "chained 
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to your desk" most of the time, vow to follow your instinct and investigate alternative careers and 
work that allow you more time to interact with others. Dawn worked as a manager for a large 
retail clothing store for several years. Though she had advanced within the company, she felt 
frustrated and longed to be involved with nature and the outdoors. She decided to go to school 
nights and weekends to pursue her true passion by earning her master's degree in forestry. She 
now works in the biotech forestry division of a major paper company.
Step 3: Self-definition
Miller suggests that once job seekers know who they are, they need to know how to sell 
themselves. "In the job market, you are a product. And just like a product, you must know the 
features and benefits that you have to offer a potential client, or employer." Examine the skills and 
knowledge that you have identify how they can apply to your desired occupation. Your qualities 
will exhibit to employers why they should hire you over other candidates.
Step 4: Attain a level of self-honoring.
Self-honoring or self-love may seem like an odd step for job hunters, but being able to accept 
yourself, without judgment, helps eliminate insecurities and will make you more self-assured. By 
accepting who you are-all your emotions, hopes and dreams, your personality, and your unique 
way of being-you'll project more confidence when networking and talking with potential 
employers. The power of self-honoring can help to break all the falsehoods you were programmed 
to believe-those that made you feel that you were not good enough, or strong enough, or 
intelligent enough to do what you truly desire.
Step 5: Vision.
Miller suggests that job seekers develop a vision that embraces the answer to "What do I 
really want to do?" One should create a solid statement in a dozen or so sentences that describe in 
detail how they see their life related to work. For instance, the secretary who longs to be an actress 
describes a life that allows her to express her love of Shakespeare on stage. A real estate agent, 
attracted to his current job because he loves fixing up old homes, describes buying properties that 
need a little tender loving care to make them more saleable.
Step 6: Appropriate risk.
Some philosophers believe that the way to enlightenment comes through facing obstacles and 
difficulties. Once people discover their passion, many are too scared to do anything about it. 
Instead, they do nothing. With this step, job seekers should assess what they are willing to give up, 
or risk, in pursuit of their dream. For one working mom, that meant taking night classes to learn 
new computer-aided design skills, while still earning a salary and keeping her day job. For 
someone else, it may mean quitting his or her job, taking out loan and going back to school full 
time. You'll move one step closer to your ideal work life if you identify how much risk you are 
willing to take and the sacrifices you are willing to make.
Step 7: Action.
Some teachers of philosophy describe action in this way, "If one wants to get to the top of a 
mountain, just sitting at the foot thinking about it will not bring one there. It is by making the 
effort of climbing up the mountain, step by step, that eventually the summit is reached." All too 
often, it is the lack of action that ultimately holds people back from attaining their ideals. Creating 
a plan and taking it one step at a time can lead to new and different job opportunities. Job-hunting 
tasks gain added meaning as you sense their importance in your quest for a more meaningful work 
life. The plan can include researching industries and occupations, talking to people who are in 
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your desired area of work, taking classes, or accepting volunteer work in your targeted field.
Each of these steps will lead you on a journey to a happier and more rewarding work life. 
After all, it is the journey, not the destination, that is most important.
1. According to the recent "Plans for 2004" survey, most people are unhappy with their 
current jobs.
2. Mary Lyn Miller's job is to advise people on their life and career.
3. Mary Lyn Miller herself was once quite dissatisfied with her own work.
4. Many people find it difficult to make up their minds whether to change their career path.
答案： 1.N  2.Y  3.NG  4.Y 
 
题型讲解：填空题
做题要求
要求一：答案一般出自原文（除比较级之外）
要求二：答案遵循英文书写标准（a注意大小写，取决于横线的位置。b句中无句号）
要求三：答案符合英语语法规则
注意：答案≤10词。
例：
51.The ninth-grader is advised to go to his teacher or the principle to __________.
原文: And so your next step should be to discuss your concerns with your teacher or 
principal.(2010.6) 答案：discuss his concerns
5. According to Mary Lyn Miller, people considering changing their careers should commit 
themselves to the pursuit of ________________________. （原文见前面Seven Steps to a 
More Fulfilling Job一文）
答案：those things they that love most
（1）人称代词的转换：通常由第一人称转为第二/三人称
Eg. Single mother Lynne Hargreaves decided to work at home mainly to     .
段落：
Financial recruitment specialist Lynne Hargreaves knows exactly how much her firm has 
saved by adopting a teleworking strategy, which has involved handing her company's data 
management over to a remote hosting company, Datanet, so it can be accessible by all the 
company's consultants over broadband internet connections.
It has enabled the company to dispense with its business premises altogether, following the 
realisation that it just didn't need them any more." The main motivation behind adopting home 
working was to increase my own productivity, as a single mum to an 11-year-old," says 
Hargreaves. "But I soon realised that, as most of our business is done on the phone, email and at 
off-site meetings, we didn't need our offices at all. We're now saving ￡16,000 a year on rent, plus 
the cost of utilities, not to mention what would have been spent on commuting."
答案：increase her own productivity
（2）to结构（做不定式标志to do；做介词+n./ v-ing）
     commit oneself to 投身于           object to 反对
          devote oneself to投身于             contribute to 导致
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     owe…to… 归因于…                lead to 导致
     attribute… to…归因于               give rise to 导致
     credit…to…归因于                  give birth to 导致
   to做介词口诀：一个反对；两个贡献，三个归因，四个导致
6. In the job market, job seekers need to know how to sell themselves like 
________________________.（Step 3）
（3）名词单复数的转换：题干中出现人称代词they, them, their, 
themselves时，填写名词时需要用复数与之保持一致。
    Eg. Nowadays with the help of GPS cell phones, parents can, from a distance, track their 
children's _________.
段落：
And for those who like the idea of free-range kids but still struggle with their inner 
helicopter parent, there may be a middle way. A new generation of GPS cell phones with tracking 
software make it easier than ever to follow a child's every movement via the Internet-without 
seeming to interfere or hover. Of course, when they go to college, they might start objecting to 
being monitored as they're on parole (假释).
答案：movements
7. During an interview with potential employers, self-honoring or self-love may help a job 
seeker to show ________________________.（Step 4）
odd：奇怪的；奇数；临时性的
project: n.工程  vt.展示
8. Mary Lyn Miller suggests that a job seeker develop a vision that answers the question 
"________________________".（Step 5）
9. Many people are too scared to pursue their dreams because they are unwilling to 
_____________________.
10. What ultimately holds people back from attaining their ideals is _____________.
答案：5.those things that they love most  6.products  7.more confidence  8.what do I really want 
to do?  9.give up or risk  10.the lack of action
解题方法：填空题
（1） 利用题干关键词定位
（2） 判断横线所填的词性
连词+句子
介词+名词
名词+宾语
动词-----及物动词+名词
        不及物动词+状语
        Be动词+n./adj./done
        情态动词+动词原形
（3） 正确填写答案
例：
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（原文见前面Space Tourism一文）
5.The price for the winner in the fall 2001 NBA TV game show would have been ________.
　6.Hilton Hotels believes it won’t be long before it is possible to build a ________.
　7.In order for space tourists to walk around and function normally, it is necessary for the 
space city to create a ________.
　8.What making going to space the most expensive vacation is the enormous cost involved in 
________.
　9.Each year 500,000 space tourists could be flying into space if ticket prices could be 
lowered to ________.
10.Within the next two decades, ________ could be as intercity air travel.
比较级解题：
同级比较 as…as…         the same… as 
be similar to      be comparable to
前后形式保持一致，性质相似
异级比较            than
         文中通常会出现一组数据判断两者之间的大小多少问题
答案：5. a trip to the Mir Space Station  6. a space hotel  7. small gravitational pull  8. the fuel of 
spacecraft  9. $50，000  10. space travel
例：
What Will the World Be Like in Fifty Years?
This week some top scientists, including Nobel Prize winners, gave their vision of how the 
world will look in 2056, from gas-powered cars to extraordinary health advances, John Ingham 
reports on what the world's finest minds believe our futures will be.
For those of us lucky enough to live that long, 2056 will be a world of almost perpetual 
youth, where obesity is a remote memory and robots become our companions.
We will be rubbing shoulders with aliens and colonising outer space. Better still, our 
descendants might at last live in a world at peace with itself.
The prediction is that we will have found a source of inexhaustible, safe, green energy, and 
that science will have killed off religion. If they are right we will have removed two of the main 
causes of war-our dependence on oil and religious prejudice.
Will we really, as today's scientists claim, be able to live for ever or at least cheat the ageing 
process so that the average person lives to 150?
Of course, all these predictions come with a scientific health warning. Harvard professor 
Steven Pinker says: "This is an invitation to look foolish, as with the predictions of domed cities 
and nuclear-powered vacuum cleaners that were made 50 year ago."
Living longer
Anthony Atala, director of the Wake Forest Institute in North Carolina, believes failing 
organs will be repaired by injecting cells into the body. They will naturally go straight to the 
injury and help heal it. A system of injections without needles could also slow the ageing process 
by using the same process to "tune" cells.
Bruce Lahn, professor of human genetics at the University of Chicago, anticipates the ability 
to produce "unlimited supplies" of transplantable human organs without the need for human 
donors. These organs would be grown in animals such as pigs. When a patient needed a new 
organ, such as a kidney, the surgeon would contact a commercial organ producer, give him the 
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patient's immunological profile and would then be sent a kidney with the correct tissue type.
These organs would be entirely composed of human cells, grown by introducing them into 
animal hosts, and allowing them to develop into an organ in place of the animal's own. But Prof. 
Lahn believes that farmed brains would be "off limits". He says: "Very few people would want to 
have their brains replaced by someone else's and we probably don't want to put a human brain in 
an animal body."
Richard Miller, a professor at the University of Michigan, thinks scientist could develop 
"authentic anti-ageing drugs" by working out how cells in larger animals such as whales and 
human resist many forms of injuries. He says: "It is now routine, in laboratory mammals, to 
extend lifespan by about 40%. Turning on the same protective systems in people should, by 2056, 
create the first class of 100-year-olds who are as vigorous and productive as today's people in their 
60s."
Aliens
Colin Pillinger, professor of planetary sciences at the Open University, says: "I fancy that at 
least we will be able to show that life did start to evolve on Mars well as Earth." Within 50 years 
he hopes scientists will prove that alien life came here in Martian meteorites (陨石).
Chris McKay, a planetary scientist at NASA's Ames Research Center, believes that in 50 
years we may find evidence of alien life in the ancient permanent frost of Mars or on other 
planers.
He adds: There is even a chance we will find alien life forms here on Earth. It might be as 
different as English is to Chinese.
Princeton professor Freeman Dyson thinks it "likely" that life from outer space will be 
discovered before 2056 because the tools for finding it, such as optical and radio detection and 
data processing are improving.
He says: "As soon as the first evidence is found, we will know what to look for and 
additional discoveries are likely to follow quickly. Such discoveries are likely to have 
revolutionary consequences for biology, astronomy and philosophy. They may also change the 
way we look at ourselves and our place in the universe."
Colonies in space
Richard Gott, professor of astrophysics at Princeton, hopes man will set up a self-sufficient 
colony on Mars, which would be a "life insurance policy against whatever catastrophes, natural or 
otherwise, might occur on Earth.
"The real space race is whether we will colonise off Earth on to other worlds before money 
for the space programme runs out."
Spinal injuries
Ellen Heber-Katz, a professor at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, foresees cures for 
injuries causing paralysis such as the one that afflicted Superman star Christopher Reeve.
She says: "I believe that the day is not far off when we will be able to prescribe drugs that 
cause severed (断裂的) spinal cords to heal, hearts to regenerate and lost limbs to regrow."
"People will come to expect that injured or diseased organs are meant to be repaired from 
within, in much the same way that we fix an appliance or automobile: by replacing the damaged 
part with a manufacturer-certified new part." She predicts that within 5 to 10 years fingers and 
toes will be regrown and limbs will start to be regrown a few years later. Repairs to the nervous 
system will start with optic nerves and, in time, the spinal cord. "Within 50 years whole body 
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replacement will be routine," Prof. Heber-Katz adds.
Obesity
Sydney Brenner, senior distinguished fellow of the Crick-Jacobs Center in California, won 
the 2002 Nobel Prize for Medicine and says that if there is a global disaster some humans will 
survive-and evolution will favour small people with bodies large enough to support the required 
amount of brain power. "Obesity," he says, "will have been solved."
Robots
Rodney Brooks, professor of robotics at MIT, says the problems of developing artificial 
intelligence for robots will be at least partly overcome. As a result, "the possibilities for robots 
working with people will open up immensely".
Energy
Bill Joy, green technology expert in California, says: "The most significant breakthrough 
would be to have an inexhaustible source of safe, green energy that is substantially cheaper than 
any existing energy source."
Ideally, such a source would be safe in that it could not be made into weapons and would not 
make hazardous or toxic waste or carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas blamed for global 
warming.
Society
Geoffrey Miller, evolutionary psychologist at the University of New Mexico, says: "The US 
will follow the UK in realizing that religion is not a prerequisite (前提) for ordinary human 
decency".
"Thus, science will kill religion-not by reason challenging faith but by offering a more 
practical, universal and rewarding moral framework for human interaction."
He also predicts that "absurdly wasteful" displays of wealth will become unfashionable while 
the importance of close-knit communities and families will become clearer.
These three changes, he says, will help make us all "brighter, wiser, happier and kinder".
8. Rodney Brooks says that it will be possible for robots to work with humans as a result of 
the development of _______________________________________.
9. The most significant breakthrough predicted by Bill Joy will be an inexhaustible green 
energy source that can't be used to make __________________________________.
and结构（连接句子）
不管是并列还是递进关系，连接两个句子的时候，通常选择前者作为答案（连接两个
词时不适用）
10. According to Geoffrey Miller, science will offer a more practical, universal and 
rewarding moral framework in place of ______________________________
答案：8. artificial intelligence  9.weapons  10.religion
解题方法：选择题
1. 细节题
2. 主旨题
（1）文章大标题
（2）第一个小标题的总述
（3）先跳过，从第二个开始
 例：
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（原文见前面What Will the World Be Like in Fifty Years?一文）
1.What is John Ingham's report about?
A) A solution to the global energy crisis.
B) Extraordinary advances in technology.
C) The latest developments of medical science.
D) Scientists' vision of the world in half a century.
2. According to Harvard professor Steven Pinker, predictions about the future ________.
A) may invite trouble
B) may not come true
C) will fool the public
D) do more harm than good
3. Professor Bruce Lahn of the University of Chicago predicts that _____________.
A) humans won't have to donate organs for transplantation
B) more people will donate their organs for transplantation
C) animal organs could be transplanted into human bodies
D) organ transplantation won't be as scary as it is today
4. According to professor Richard Miller of the University of Michigan, people will 
________.
A) life for as long as they wish
B) be relieved from all sufferings
C) live to 100 and more with vitality
D) be able to live longer than whales
5.Priceton professor Freeman Dyson thinks that _____________.
A) scientists will find alien life similar to ours
B) humans will be able to settle on Mars
C) alien life will likely be discovered
D) life will start to evolve on Mars
6. According to Princeton professor Richard Gott, by setting up a self-sufficient colony on 
Mars, Humans _____________.
A) might survive all catastrophes on earth
B) might acquire ample natural resources
C) will be able to travel to Mars freely
D) will move there to live a better life
7. Ellen Heber-Katz, professor at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, predicts that 
_____________.
A) human organs can be manufactured like appliances
B) people will be as strong and dynamic as supermen
C) human nerves can be replaced by optic fibers
D) lost fingers and limbs will be able to regrow
答案：1.D  2.B  3.A  4.C  5.C  6.A  7.D
Supersize Surprise
Ask anyone why there is an obesity epidemic and they will tell you that it’s al down to eating 
too much and burning too few calories. That explanation appeals to common sense and has 
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dominated efforts to get to the root of the obesity epidemic and reverse it. Yet obesity researchers 
are increasingly dissatisfied with it. Many now believe that something else must have changed in 
our environment to precipitate(促成) such dramatic rises in obesity over the past 40 years or so. 
Nobody is saying that the “big two” – reduced physical activity and increased availability of 
food – are not important contributors to the epidemic, but they cannot explain it all.
Earlier this year a review paper by 20obesity experts set out the 7 most plausible alternative 
explanations for the epidemic. Here they are.
1.Not enough sleep 
It is widely believed that sleep is for the brain, not the body. Could a shortage of shut-eye 
also be helping to make us fat?
Several large-scale studies suggest there may be a link. People who sleep less than 7 hours a 
night tend to have a higher body mass index than people who sleep more, according to data 
gathered by the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Similarly, the US Nurses’ 
Health Study, which tracked 68,000 women for 16 years, found that those who slept an average of 
5 hours a night gained more weight during the study period than women who slept 6 hours, who in 
turn gained more than whose who slept 7.
It’s well known that obesity impairs sleep, so perhaps people get fat first and sleep less 
afterwards. But the nurses’ study suggests that it can work in the other direction too: sleep loss 
may precipitate weight gain.
Although getting figures is difficult, it appears that we really are sleeping less. In 1960 
people in the US slept an average of 8.5 hours per night. A 2002 poll by the National Sleep 
Foundation suggests that the average has fallen to under 7 hours, and the decline is mirrored by 
the increase in obesity.
2. Climate control
We humans, like all warm-blooded animals, can keep our core body temperatures pretty 
much constant regardless of what’s going on in the world around us. We do this by altering our 
metabolic(新陈代谢的) rate, shivering or sweating. Keeping warm and staying cool take energy 
unless we are in the “thermo-neutral zone”, which is increasingly where we choose to live and 
work.
There is no denying that ambient temperatures(环境温度) have changed in the past few 
decades. Between 1970 and 2000, the average British home warmed from a chilly 13C to 18C. In 
the US, the changes have been at the other end of the thermometer as the proportion of homes 
with air conditioning rose from 23% to 47% between 1978 and 1997. In the southern states – 
where obesity rates tend to be highest – the number of houses with air conditioning has shot up to 
71% from 37% in 1978.
Could air conditioning in summer and heating in winter really make a difference to our 
weight?
Sadly，there is some evidence that it does-at least with regard to heating. Studies show that 
in comfortable temperatures we use less energy.
3. Less smoking 
Bad news: smokers really do tend to be thinner than the rest of us, and quitting really does 
pack on the pounds, though no one is sure why. It probably has something to do with the fact that 
nicotine is an appetite suppressant and appears to up your metabolic rate.
Katherine Flegal and colleagues at the US National Center for Health Statistics in Hyattsville, 
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Maryland, have calculated that people kicking the habit have been responsible for a small but 
significant portion of the US epidemic of fatness. From data collected around 1991 by the US 
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, they worked out that people who had quit in 
the previous decade were much more likely to be overweight than smokers and people who had 
never smoked .Among men, for example, nearly half of quitters were overweight compared with 
37% of non-smokers and only 28%of smokers.
4. Genetic effects 
Yours chances of becoming fat may be set, at least in part, before you were even born. 
Children of obese mothers are much more likely to become obese themselves later in life. 
Offspring of mice fed a high-fat diet during pregnancy are much more likely to become fat than 
the offspring of identical mice fed a normal diet. Intriguingly, the effect persists for two or three 
generations. Grandchildren of mice fed a high-fat diet grow up fat even if their own mother is fed 
normally-so you fate may have been sealed even before you were conceived.
5. A little older…
Some groups of people just happen to be fatter than others. Surveys carried out by the US 
national center for health statistics found that adults aged 40 to 79 were around three times as 
likely to be obese as younger people. Non-white females also tend to fall at the fatter end of the 
spectrum: Mexican-American women are 30% more likely than white women to be obsess, and 
black women have twice the risk.
In the US, these groups account for an increasing percentage of the population. Between 
1970 and 2000 the US population aged 35 to 44 grew by43%.the proportion of Hispanic-
Americans also grew, from under 5% to 12.5% of the population, while the proportion of black 
Americans increased from 11% to12.3%.these changes may account in part for the increased 
prevalence of obesity.
6. Mature mums 
Mothers around the world are getting older. in the UK, the mean age for having a first child is 
27.3,compared with 23.7 in 1970 .mean age at first birth in the US has also increased, rising from 
21.4 in 1970 to 24.9 in 2000.
This would be neither here nor there if it weren’t for the observation that having an older 
mother seems to be an independent risk factor for obesity. Results from the US national heart, 
lung and blood institute’s study found that the odds of a child being obese increase 14% for every 
five extra years of their mother’s age, though why this should be so is not entirely clear.
Michael Symonds at the University of Nottingham, UK, found that first-born children have 
more fat than younger ones. As family size decreases, firstborns account for a greater share of the 
population. In 1964, British women gave birth to an average of 2.95 children; by 2005 that figure 
had fallen to 1.79. In the US in1976, 9.6% of woman in their 40s had only one child; in 2004 it 
was 17.4%. this combination of older mothers and more single children could be contributing to 
the obesity epidemic.
7. Like marrying like 
Just as people pair off according to looks, so they do for size. Lean people are more likely to 
marry lean and fat more likely to marry fat. On its own, like marrying like cannot account for any 
increase in obesity. But combined with others—particularly the fact that obesity is partly genetic, 
and that heavier people have more children—it amplifies the increase form other causes.
1. What is the passage mainly about?
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A) Effects of obesity on people’s health
B) The link between lifestyle and obesity
C) New explanations for the obesity epidemic
D) Possible ways to combat the obesity epidemic
2. In the US Nurse’ Health Study, women who slept an average of 7 hours a night_______.
A) gained the least weight
B) were inclined to eat less
C) found their vigor enhanced 
D) were less susceptible to illness
3. The popular belief about obesity is that___________.
A) it makes us sleepy
B) it causes sleep loss
C) it increases our appetite
D) it results from lack of sleep
4. How does indoor heating affect our life?
A) it makes us stay indoors more
B) it accelerates our metabolic rate
C) it makes us feel more energetic
D) it contributes to our weight gain
5. What does the author say about the effect of nicotine on smokers?
A) it threatens their health
B) it heightens their spirits
C) it suppresses their appetite
D) it slows down their metabolism 
6. Who are most likely to be overweight according to Katherine Fergal’s study? 
A) heavy smokers
B) passive smokers
C) those who never smoke
D) those who quit smoking
7. According to the US National Center for Health Statistics, the increased obesity in the US is a 
result of_______.
A) the growing number of smokers among young people
B) the rising proportion of minorities in its population
C) the increasing consumption of high-calorie foods
D) the improving living standards of the poor people
8. According to the US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the reason why older mothers’ 
children tend to be obese remains __________. 
9. According to Michael Symonds, one factor contributing to the obesity epidemic is decrease of 
___________. 
10. When two heavy people get married, chances of their children getting fat increase, because 
obesity is _____________.
答案：1.C  2.A  3.B  4.D  5.C  6.D  7.B  8.not entirely clear  9.family size  10.partly genetic
快速阅读训练
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Seven way to Save the World
　　Forget the old idea that conserving energy is a form of self-denial—riding bicycles, dimming 
the lights, and taking fewer showers. These days conservation is all about efficiency: getting the 
same—or better—results from just a fraction of the energy. When a slump in business travel 
forced Ulrich Ramer to cut costs at his family—owned hotel in Germany, he replaced hundreds of 
the hotel’s wasteful light bulbs, getting the same light for 80 percent less power. He bought a new 
water boiler with a digitally controlled pump, and wrapped insulation around the pipes. Spending 
about ￡100,000 on these and other improvements, he slashed his ￡90,000 fuel and power bill by 
￡60,000. As a bonus, the hotel’s lower energy needs have reduced its annual carbon emissions 
by more than 200 metric tons. “For us, saving energy has been very, very profitable,” he says. 
“And most importantly, we’re not giving up a single comfort for our guests.”
　　Efficiency is also a great way to lower carbon emissions and help slow global warming. But 
the best argument for efficiency is its cost—or, more precisely, its profitability. That’s because 
quickly growing energy demand requires immense investment in new supply, not to mention the 
drain of rising energy prices.
　　No wonder efficiency has moved to the top of the political agenda. On Jan. 10, the European 
Union unveiled a plan to cut energy use across the continent by 20 percent by 2020. Last March, 
China imposed a 20 percent increase in energy efficiency by 2020. Even George W. Bush, the 
Texas oilman, is expected to talk about energy conservation in his State of the Union speech this 
week.
　　The good news is that the world is full of proven, cheap ways to save energy. Here are the 
seven that could have the biggest impact.
　　Insulate
　　Space heating and cooling eats up 36 percent of all the world’s energy. There’s virtually 
no limit to how much of that can be saved, as prototype “zero-energy homes” in Switzerland 
and Germany have shown. There’s been a surge in new ways of keeping heat in and cold out (or 
vice versa). The most advanced insulation follows the law of increasing returns: if you add enough 
you can scale down or even eliminate heating and air-conditioning equipment, lowering costs even 
before you start saving on utility bills. Studies have shown that green workplaces (ones that don’t 
constantly need to have the heat or air-conditioner running) have higher worker productivity and 
lower sick rates.
　　Change Bulbs
　　Lighting eats up 20 percent of the world’s electricity, or the equivalent of roughly 600,000 
tons of coal a day. Forty percent of that powers old-fashioned incandescent light bulbs—a 19th-
century technology that wastes most of the power it consumes on unwanted heat.
　　Compact fluorescent lamps, or CFLS, not only use 75 to 80 percent less electricity than 
incandescent bulbs to generate the same amount of light, but they also last 10 times longer. 
Phasing old bulbs out by 2030 would save the output of 650 power plants and avoid the release of 
700 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere each year.
　　Comfort Zone
　　Water boilers, space heaters and air conditioners have been notoriously inefficient. The heat 
pump has altered that equation. It removes heat from the air outside or the ground below and uses 
it to supply heat to a building or its water supply. In the summer, the system can be reversed to 
cool buildings as well.
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　　Most new residential buildings in Sweden are already heated with ground-source heat pumps. 
Such systems consume almost no conventional fuel at all. Several countries have used subsidies to 
jump-start the market, including Japan, where almost I million heat pumps have been installed in 
the past two years to heat water for showers and hot tubs.
　　Remake Factories
　　From steel mills to paper factories, industry eats up about a third of the world’s energy. The 
opportunities to save are vast. In Ludwigshafen, German chemicals giant BASF runs an 
interconnected complex of more than 200 chemical factories, where heat produced by one 
chemical process is used to power the next. At the Ludwigshafen site site alone, such recycling of 
heat and energy saves the company ￡200 million a year and almost half its CO2 emissions. Now 
BASF is doing the same for new plants in China. “Optimizing (优化) energy efficiency is a 
decisive competitive advantage,” says BASF CEO Jurgen Hambrecht.
　　Green Driving
　　A quarter of the world’s energy---including two thirds of the annual production of oil—is 
used for transportation. Some savings come free of charge: you can boost fuel efficiency by 6 
percent simply by keeping your car’s tires properly inflated (充气). Gasoline-electric 
hybrid(混合型的) models like the Toyota Prius improve mileage by a further 20 percent over 
conventional models.
　　A Better Fridge
　　More than half of all residential power goes into running household appliances, producing a 
fifth of the world’s carbon emissions. And that’s true even though manufacturers have already 
hiked the efficiency of refrigerators and other white goods by as much as 70 percent since the 
1980s. According to an International Energy Agency study, if consumers chose those models that 
would save them the most money over the life of the appliance, they’d cut global residential 
power consumption (and their utility bills) by 43 percent.
　　Flexible Payment
　　Who says you have to pay for all your conservation investments? “Energy service 
contractors” will pay for retrofitting(翻新改造)in return for a share of the client’s annual 
utility-bill savings. In Beijing, Shenwu Thermal Energy Technology Co. specializes in retrofitting 
China’s steel furnaces. Shenwu puts up the initial investment to install a heat exchanger that 
preheats the air going into the furnace, slashing the client’s fuel costs. Shenwu pockets a cut of 
those savings, so both Shenwu and the client profit.
　　If saving energy is so easy and profitable, why isn’t everyone doing it? It has do with 
psychology and a lack of information. Most of us tend to look at today’s price tag more than 
tomorrow’s potential saving. That holds double for the landlord or developer, who won’t 
actually see a penny of the savings his investment in better insulation or a better heating system 
might generate. In many people’s minds, conservation is still associated with self-denial. Many 
environmentalists still push that view.
　　Smart governments can help push the market in the right direction. The EU’s 1994 law on 
labeling was such a success that it extended the same idea to entire buildings last year. To boost 
the market value of efficiency, all new buildings are required to have an “energy pass” detailing 
power and heating consumption. Countries like Japan and Germany have successively tightened 
building codes, requiring an increase in insulation levels but leaving it up to builders to decide 
how to meet them.
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　　The most powerful incentives, of course, will come from the market itself. Over the past 
year, sky-high fuel prices have focused minds on efficiency like never before. Ever-increasing 
pressure to cut costs has finally forced more companies to do some math on their energy use.
　　Will it be enough? With global demand and emissions rising so fast, we may not have any 
choice but to try. Efficient technology is here now, proven and cheap. Compared with all other 
options, it’s the biggest, easiest and most profitable bang for the buck.
1. What is said to be best way to conserve energy nowadays?
　　A) Raising efficiency.
　　B) Cutting unnecessary costs..
　　C) Finding alternative resources.
　　D) Sacrificing some personal comforts.
　2. What does the European Union plan to do?
　　A) Diversify energy supply.
　　B) Cut energy consumption.
　　C) Reduce carbon emissions.
　　D) Raise production Raise production efficiency.
　3. If you add enough insulation to your house, you may be able to _____________.
　　A) improve your work environment
　　B) cut your utility bills by half
　　C) get rid of air-conditioners
　　D) enjoy much better health
　4. How much of the power consumed by incandescent bulbs is converted into light?
　　A) A small portion.
　　B) Some 40 percent.
　　C) Almost half.
　　D) 75 to 80 percent.
　5. Some countries have tried to jump-start the market of heat pumps by __________.
　　A)upgrading the equipment
　　B)encouraging investments
　　C) implementing high-tech
　　D)providing subsidies
　6. German chemicals giant BASF saves ￡200 million a year by ___________.
　　A) recycling heat and energy
　　B) setting up factories in China
　　C) using the newest technology
　　D) reducing the CO2 emissions of its plants
　7. Global residential power consumption can be cut by 43 percent if ___________.
　　A) we increase the insulation of walls and water pipes
　　B) We choose simpler models of electrical appliances
　　C) We cut down on the use of refrigerators and other white goods
　　D) We choose the most efficient models of refrigerators and other white goods
　　8. Energy service contractors profit by taking a part of clients____________.
　　9. Many environmentalists maintain the view that conservation has much to do with _____.
　　10. The strongest incentives for energy conservation will derive from __________.
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答案：1. A  2.B  3.C  4.B  5.D  6.A  7.D  
8. annual utility-bill savings　9. self-denial   10. the market itself/ the market
简答题
短问题回答
简答题：
概况：400个单词，5%的分值，5个问题
出题方式：填空题+问答题
选词填空
   （举例文章见下面解题方法部分例1. google…这篇）
判断问答题的答案类型：
（1） how/when/where/ which/who词
（2） why句子
（3） what comment/suggestions/ conclusion/ happened句子
what充当主语或者宾语 词
问答题，不管是词还是句子，句首字母都大写，句末都要有句号。
解题方法：按照仔细阅读依次而下的顺序，运用快速阅读的解题方法。
例1：
Google is a world-famous company, with its headquarters in Mountain View, California. It 
was set up in a Silicon Valley garage in 1998. and inflated (膨胀) with the Interact bubble. Even 
when everything around it collapsed the company kept on inflating. Google’s search engine is so 
wide-spread across the world that search became Google, and google became a verb. The world 
fell in love with the effective, fascinatingly fast technology.
    Google owes much of its success to the brilliance of S. Brin and L. Pace, but also to a series of 
fortunate events. It was Page who, at Stanford in 1996, initiated the academic project that 
eventu-ally became Google's search engine. Brin, who had met Page at a student orientation a year 
earlier, joined the project early on. They were both Ph.D. candidates when they devised the search 
engine which was better than the rest and, without any marketing, spread by word of mouth from 
early adopters to, eventually, your grandmother.
    Their breakthrough, simply put, was that when their search engine crawled the Web, it did more 
than just look for word matches: it also tallied (统计) 2nd ranked a host of other critical factors 
like how websites link to one another. That delivered far better results than anything else. Brin and 
Page meant to name their creation Googol (the mathematical term for the number I followed by 
100 zeroes), but someone misspelled the word so it stuck as Google. They raised money from 
prescient (有先见之明的)professors and venture capitalists and moved off campus to turn Google 
into a business. Perhaps their biggest stroke of luck came early on when they tried to sell their 
technology to other search engines, but no one met their price, and they built it up on their own.
    The next breakthrough came in 2000, when Google figured out how to make money with its 
invention. It had lots of users, but almost no one was paying. The solution turned out to be 
advertising, and it’s not an exaggeration to say that Google is now essentially an advertising 
company, given that that’s the source of nearly all its revenue. Today it is a giant advertising 
company, worth $ 100 billion.
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47. Apart from a series of fortunate events, what is it that has made Google so successful?
48. Google’s search engine originated from ____ started by L. Page.
49. How did Google’s search engine spread all over the world?
50. Brin and Page decided to set up their own business because no one would____.
51. The revenue of the Google company is largely generated from____.
答案：47. The brilliance of S. Brin and L. Page. 
48. the academic project 
49. By word of mouth. 
50. meet their price 
51. advertisements/advertising
例2：
Men, these days, are embracing fatherhood with the round-the-clock involvement their 
partners have always dreamed of –handling night feedings, packing lunches and bandaging knees. 
But unlike women, many find they’re negotiating their new roles with little support or 
information. “Men in my generation (aged 25-40) have a fear of becoming dads because we have 
no role models,” says Jon Smith, a writer. They often find themselves excluded from mothers’ 
support networks, and are eyed warily (警觉地) on the playground.
The challenge is particularly evident in the work—place. There, men are still expected to be 
breadwinners climbing the corporate ladder; traditionally-minded bosses are often unsympathetic 
to family needs. In Denmark most new fathers only take two weeks of paternity leave 
(父亲的陪产假)—even though they are allowed 34 days. As much as if not more so than women, 
fathers struggle to be taken seriously when they request flexible arrangements.
Though Wilfried-Fritz Maring, 54, a data-bank and Internet specialist with German firm FIZ 
Karlsruhe, feels that the time he spends with his daughter outweighs any disadvantages, he admits, 
“With my decision to work from home I dismissed any opportunity for promotion.”
Mind-sets (思维定势) are changing gradually. When Maring had a daughter, the company 
equipped him with a home office and allowed him to choose a job that could be performed from 
there. Danish telecom company TDC initiated an internal campaign last year to encourage dads to 
take paternity leave: 97 percent now do. “When an employee goes on paternity leave and is with 
his kids, he gets a new kind of training: in how to keep cool under stress,” says spokesperson 
Christine Elberg Holm. For a new generation of dads, kids may come before the company –but it’s 
a shift that benefits both.
47. Unlike women, men often get little support or information from ______________.
48. Besides supporting the family, men were also expected to ________.
49. Like women, men hope that their desire for a flexible schedule will be _____________.
50. When Maring was on paternity leave, he was allowed by his company to work___________.
51. Christine Holm believes paternity leave provides a new kind of training for men in that it can 
help them cope with _____________.
答案：47. mother’s support networks 
48. climb the corporate ladder 
49. taken seriously 
50. at a home office 
51. stress
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简答题中的异级比较
结构：          than
       文中通常会出现一组数据判断两者之间的大小多少问题
例1：
America is a country that now sits atop the cherished myth that work provides rewards， that 
working people can support their families. It‘s a myth that has become so divorced from reality 
that it might as well begin with the words "Once upon a time." Today 1.6 million New Yorkers 
suffer from "food insecurity，" which is a fancy way of saying they don‘t have enough to eat. 
Some are the people who come in at night and clean the skyscrapers that glitter along the river. 
Some pour coffee and take care of the aged parents of the people who live in those buildings. The 
American Dream for the well-to-do grows from the bowed backs of the working poor， who too 
often have to choose between groceries and rent.
In a new book called "The Betrayal of Work"， Beth Shulman says that even in the booming 
1990s one out of every four American workers made less than $8.70 an hour， an income equal to 
the government‘s poverty level for a family of four. Many， if not most， of these workers had 
no health care， sick pay or retirement provisions.
We ease our consciences， Shulman writes， by describing these people as "low skilled，" 
as though they‘re not important or intelligent enough to deserve more. But low-skilled workers 
today are better educated than ever before， and they constitute the linchpin (关键) of American 
industry. When politicians crow (得意洋洋地说) that happy days are here again because jobs are 
on the rise， it‘s these jobs they‘re really talking about. Five of the 10 occupations expected to 
grow big in the next decade are in the lowest-paying job groups. And before we sit back and 
decide that‘s just the way it is， it‘s instructive to consider the rest of the world. While the 
bottom 10 percent of American workers earn just 37 percent of our average wage， their 
counterparts in other industrialized countries earn upwards of 60 percent. And those are countries 
that provide health care and child care， which eases the economic pinch considerably.
Almost 40 years ago， when Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty， a family with a car 
and a house in the suburbs felt prosperous. Today that same family may well feel poor， 
overwhelmed by credit card debt， a second mortgage and the cost of the stuff that has become 
the backbone of American life. When the middle class feels poor， the poor have little chance for 
change， or even recognition.
47. By saying "it might as well begin with the words ‘Once upon a time‘" (Line 3， 
Para.1)， the author suggests that the American myth is ________.
48. What is the American Dream of the well-to-do built upon?
49. Some Americans try to make themselves feel less guilty by attributing the poverty of the 
working people to ________.
50. We learn from the passage that the difference in pay between the lowest paid and the 
average worker in America is ________ than that in other industrialized countries.
51. According to the author， how would an American family with a car and a house in the 
suburbs probably feel about themselves today?
答案：47. divorced from reality／unrealistic
48. The backbreaking labor of the working poor. /The bowed backs of the working poor.
49. (their)lack of skill/(their)low skill
50. much greater
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51. Poor.
例2：
Many countries have made it illegal to chat into a hand-held mobile phone while driving. But 
the latest research further confirms that the danger lies less in what a motorist’s hands do when he 
takes a call than in what the conversation does to his brain. Even using a “hands-free” device can 
divert a driver’s attention to an alarming extent.
　　Melina Kunar of the University of Warwick, and Todd Horowitz of the Harvard Medical 
School ran a series of experiments in which two groups of volunteers had to pay attention and 
respond to a series of moving tasks on a computer screen that were reckoned equivalent in 
difficulty to driving. One group was left undistracted while the other had to engage in a 
conversation using a speakerphone. As Kunar and Horowitz report, those who were making the 
equivalent of a hands-free call had an average reaction time 212 milliseconds slower than those 
who were not. That, they calculate, would add 5.7 metres to the braking distance of a car 
travelling at 100kph. They also found that the group using the hands-free kit made 83% more 
errors in their tasks than those who were not talking.
　　To try to understand more about why this was, they tried two further tests. In one, members 
of a group were asked simply to repeat words spoken by the caller. In the other, they had to think 
of a word that began with the last letter of the word they had just heard. Those only repeating 
words performed the same as those with no distraction, but those with the more complicated task 
showed even worse reaction times—an average of 480 milliseconds extra delay. This shows that 
when people have to consider the information they hear carefully, it can impair their driving 
ability significantly.
　　Punishing people for using hand-held gadgets while driving is difficult enough, even though 
they can be seen from outside the car. Persuading people to switch their phones off altogether 
when they get behind the wheel might be the only answer. Who knows, they might even come to 
enjoy not having to take calls.来源：考试大
　　47. Carrying on a mobile phone conversation while one is driving is considered dangerous 
because it seriously distracts ­­­­­­­­­­­_______________________.
　　48. In the experiments, the two groups of volunteers were asked to handle a series of moving 
tasks which were considered _______________________.
　　49. Results of the experiments show that those who were making the equivalent of a hands-
free call took _______________________ to react than those who were not.
　　50. Further experiments reveal that participants tend to respond with extra delay if they are 
required to do _______________________.
51. The author believes persuasion, rather than _______________________, might be the 
only way to stop people from using mobile phones while driving.
答案：47. a driver’s attention
　　  48. equivalent in difficulty to driving
　　  49. more time
　  　50. carful thinking/consideration
　  　51. punishing
简答题解题方法总结
1. 确定题干关键词，文章定位
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2. 判断所填答案的词性或者所问问题的答案类型
3. 正确填写
注意事项：
1. 语法规则仍然适用
2. 避免缩写
3. 出现besides, apart from, in addition to等词
例：
If movie trailers (预告片) are supposed to cause a reaction, the preview for "United 93" more 
than succeeds. Featuring no famous actors, it begins with images of a beautiful morning and 
passengers boarding an airplane. It takes you a minute to realize what the movie's even about. 
That's when a plane hits the World Trade Center. The effect is visceral (震撼心灵的). When the 
trailer played before "Inside Man" last week at a Hollywood theater, audience members began 
calling out, "Too soon!" In New York City, the response was even more dramatic. The Loews 
theater in Manhattan took the rare step of pulling the trailer from its screens after several 
complaints.
"United 93" is the first feature film to deal explicitly with the events of September 11, 2001, 
and is certain to ignite an emotional debate. Is it too soon? Should the film have been made at all? 
More to the point, will anyone want to see it? Other 9/11 projects are on the way as the fifth 
anniversary of the attacks approaches, most notably Oliver Stone's "World Trade Center." but as 
the forerunner, "United 93" will take most of the heat, whether it deserves it or not.
The real United 93 crashed in a Pennsylvania field after 40 passengers and crew fought back 
against the terrorists. Writer-director Paul Greengrass has gone to great lengths to be respectful in 
his depiction of what occurred, proceeding with the film only after securing the approval of every 
victim's family. "Was I surprised at the agreement? Yes. Very. Usually there're one or two 
families who're more reluctant," Greengrass writes in an e-mail. "I was surprised at the 
extraordinary way the United 93 families have welcomed us into their lives and shared their 
experiences with us." Carole O'Hare, a family member, says, "They were very open and honest 
with us, and they made us a part of this whole project." Universal, which is releasing the film, 
plans to donate 10% of its opening weekend gross to the Flight 93 National Memorial Fund. That 
hasn't stopped criticism that the studio is exploiting a national tragedy. O'Hare thinks that's unfair. 
"This story has to be told to honor the passengers and crew for what they did," she says. "But 
more than that, it raises awareness. Our ports aren't secure. Our borders aren't secure. Our airlines 
still aren't secure, and this is what happens when you're not secure. That's the message I want 
people to hear."
47. The trailer for "United 93" succeeded in _____________ when it played in the theaters in 
Hollywood and New York City.
48. The movie "United 93" is sure to give rise to _____________.
49. What did writer-director Paul Greengrass obtain before he proceeded with the movie?
50. Universal, which is releasing "United 93", has been criticized for _____________.
51. Carole O'Hare thinks that besides honoring the passengers and crew for what they did, the 
purpose of telling the story is to _____________ about security.
答案：47. causing a reaction
48. an emotional debate
49. The approval of every victim’s family
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50. exploiting a national tragedy
51. raise awareness
选词填空题：
做题方法：
一 按词性分类（名，动，形，副）
不认识的ing归动词类，不认识的ed归形容词类。
   选择单词时一定选择自己认识的单词。
例：
We live in a world of violence. The value of human life has reduced to, simply, a few  1  organs in 
a hollow body. Life is no longer viewed as the  2   and amazing gift that it is. Human life is now 
only a temporary, useful  3   . When is it no longer useful? Well, it can be thrown away, like used 
Kleenex. This disrespect for life has been a   4   of numerous hours of senseless violence that 
society feeds into people’s brains every day. Yet, media representatives defend the entertainment 
industry,   5    any direct link between violent media and violent behavior.
In many people’s living rooms, there   6    an outlet for violence that often goes unnoticed. It 
is the television. The children who view it are often pulled into its realistic world of violent  7    
with sometimes  8   results.
Much effort has gone into showing why this glowing box, and the action that takes place 
within it, mesmerizes children. Research shows that it is  9  a major source of violent behavior in 
children. The statistics prove time and time again that aggression and television viewing do     10  
hand in hand.
devastating（动） hardly（副） sits（动） vital（形） result（名） go（动）  number（名）  
denying（动） commodity（名）  visual（形）  scenes（名）  sacred（形）  definitely（副）    
science（名）  including（动）
答案：1.vital  2.sacred  3. commodity  4.result  5.denying  6.including  7.scenes  8.devastating  
9.definitely  10.go
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